@article { author = {Eghbalinia, Ali and Shuhani, Mohammad}, title = {Survey of Perceptual Cognition on Promoting Family Life Quality in the Field of Housing, Case Study of Ilam}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {1-9}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Today, there are different views on all things in the past and the human view on life has followed this. The basic effort of current societies is not only to preserve other life in the usual way, but also to improve its quality in many areas. Attention to the issue of improving the life quality is important because today, the pressures of mental, psychological, economic stresses, etc. on humankind and also on the target population of the present study, has caused distress. Therefore, regarding to this issue, it seems essential to be taken refuge in which he feels comfort. One of the reasons for paying attention to the life quality is the emergence of individualism, especially in Ilam city, that has become much diminished. The life quality literally means how to live although its meaning for anyone is unique. The term of life quality is more related to the natural environment and external conditions of life such as pollution, housing quality, aesthetic aspects, traffic congestion, crime prevalence, and etc. On the other hand, life quality is also the result of the interaction of environmental, economic, health and social conditions that affects human development. Also, life quality is considered as a situation in which a person experience a relation between himself, nature, and his society while he has a feeling of internal peacetime. The structure of life quality is somewhat ambiguous. On one hand, the quality of individual life is considered as a concept of how to live a person. In a more general sense, the quality of life situations is around an agent, including situations such as the peripheral environment or culture in a given society. In addition to these two approaches, there is another approach that emphasizes on two objective and subjective dimensions of life quality that can be pointed out in social and economic ways in the life quality. In this regard, given many factors and researches that are perceived by the concept of improving life quality, the role of housing is high with regard to its application in every person’s life. Housing is the main factor in the socialization of individuals towards the world and a major commodity in the social organization of space, which plays a crucial role in the formation of individual identities, social relationships and collective goals. Inappropriate housing is an effective factor in the emergence of depression and behavioral, personality disorders, as well as reduction of individual resistance to problems. Understanding the concepts such as life or the promotion of life quality, in the initial perception have a general conceptual agreement, but the truth is not like that, because these concepts are fully personal experiences. The perception of individuals from the concept of life quality, regarding to their personal interests, experiences, feelings, etc. is different. Life Quality has a variety of definitions, depending on the context in which the way of living is studied, therefore, to understand the factors influencing the quality of life, we can easily go for the people and ask them how they feel about life. The life quality is relative more than anything else and there is no absolute and universal criterion for defining and measuring it; it is a concept that is heavily influenced by time and place. One of the ways to find ideas about improving the life quality in housing and in study area (Ilam city) is to observe and discuss with the target population in order to understand their most important needs and desires. Therefore, the research method of this paper is based on a qualitative method. To test the research using regression overlapping analysis, we tried to evaluate and categorize the variables of the research. The present paper is based on library studies, the study of Persian and Latin articles, the study of international sites and internet portals, and the most important meansfor collecting information in this area, namely, “questionnaire” and “interview.” Based on this view and formulation, distribution and statistical analysis of the questionnaire by SPSS software, we conclude that in the opinion of the target population of Ilam city, criteria such as increasing the standard level in some residential units, the use of modern schemes in design, the presence of green spaces, diverse colors, adequate lighting of spaces, and the appropriate space between units are effective in enhancing the life quality in their residential complexes.}, keywords = {Life Concept,Promotion of Life Quality,Housing,Ilam}, title_fa = {بررسی مفهوم‌شناسی ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی خانوادگی در حوزه مسکن، نمونه موردی: شهر ایلام}, abstract_fa = {یکی از دلایل توجه به کیفیت زندگی، ظهور فردگرایی است. توجه به مقوله ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی از آنجا دارای اهمیت می‌باشد که حس شادابی و سرزندگی در جوامع کنونی و بالاخص در شهر ایلام بسیار کمرنگ شده است. کیفیت زندگی از نظر لغوی به‌معنای چگونه زندگی کردن است. باوجود این؛ معنی آن برای هرکس منحصربه‌فرد و با دیگران متفاوت است. کیفیت زندگی بسته به بستری که نحوه زیست در آن بررسی می‌شود، تعاریف گوناگونی می‌یابد. یکی از روش‌های دریافت مفاهیم مربوط به ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی در مسکن و در حوزه مورد مطالعه (شهر ایلام)، مشاهده و گفتگو با جمعیت هدف، جهت فهم برجسته‌ترین نیازها و خواسته‌های آنان است. لذا روش تحقیق این مقاله براساس روش کیفی است. جهت آزمون تحقیق با استفاده از تحلیل همپوشانی رگرسیون، تلاش شد تا متغیرهای پژوهش را مورد ارزیابی و طبقه‌بندی قرار دهیم. مقاله حاضر در بستر مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، بررسی و مطالعه مقالات فارسی و لاتین، بررسی سایت‌ها و درگاه‌های اینترنتی بین‌المللی و مهم‌ترین ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات در این حوزه یعنی «پرسشنامه» و «مصاحبه» انجام پذیرفته است. براساس این دیدگاه و تدوین، توزیع و تجزیه‌وتحلیل آماری پرسشنامه به‌وسیله نرم‌افزار SPSS چنین نتیجه گرفته می‌شود که افراد جمعیت هدف واقع در شهر ایلام جهت ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی در مجتمع مسکونی خود، معیارهایی ازجمله افزایش سطح استاندارد در برخی اندام‌های مسکونی، استفاده از طرح‌های نوین در طراحی، وجود فضای سبز، رنگ‌های متنوع، نورگیری کافی فضاها، فضای متناسب در بین واحدها را در افزایش ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی در مجتمع‌های مسکونی خود مؤثر دانسته اند.}, keywords_fa = {مفهوم‌شناسی زندگی,ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی,مسکن,ایلام}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58550.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58550_5c856c8bdfc1c0f0f8f4c0d75c4461f6.pdf} } @article { author = {emami, ali and Bazdar, Mehrnoosh and Safari, Malihe and Farahnaki, Ramona}, title = {The Determination of Relationship between Sense of Belonging and its Social Indicators, Case Study: Ziarat Village- Golestan}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {11-21}, year = {2023}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Unlike most modern fabrics, traditional fabrics due to their design meet many psychological and social needs of the residents and respond better than today’s fabrics. On the other hand, environment and social activities play an important role in shaping the social concepts and the sense of belonging to residents. Sense of belonging can be spread over time and depth. Individual and collective values effect on the quality of sense of belonging and help to identity the resident’s sense of belonging to the environment and community as well as effect as a process on mental health of each community. Ziarat village the sample of this study is located next to the mountains at the south of Gorgan. The form of rural houses and the sense of security in the living spaces of this village are remarkable, but this village has lost its true image and is approaching irregular urban areas and considerable changes in its mental images. The mental imagination of the village is usually wooden houses and wooden windows. The instruction and sustainability of the village were in line with the suitable environment, intimacy and harmony with nature, while unpleasant apartments have no coordination with the village architecture. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sense of belonging and social characteristics of men and women in rural areas. Ziarat, a historical village in Golestan was selected as a suitable case for the measurement of variables. One of themain objectives of this research is to pay attention to the fact that in order to create sense of belonging in individuals, one should pay particular attention to social behaviors andactivities and the participation of people in the neighborhood. Social support is also based on the sense of responsibility of local residents and their participation in social activities. According to the research goals, it can be assumed that measuring social indicators that affect villagers’ sense of belonging, is helpful to improve the participation of people in society, their social support and mental health.On the other hand, the involvement can mediate the relationship between social support and sense of belonging. Moreover, the mental health variable has a mediating role between social support and the sense of belonging (mediating variable). Sense of belonging as a dependent variable is influenced directly by the physical, individual and social factors and their effects must be controlled. Factors that affect physical activity include fear of crime, quality of housing, housing density, and individual factors such as length of residence, marital status, gender and age. In this regard, the independent variable of social support can be referred from the effects of social indicators on sense of belonging. It should also examine social indicators related to the aspects of social participation and support with involvement in society and within the group in order to measure its consequences on sense of belonging. By the review of existing theories, various variables such as community involvement, participation in social activities, loneliness, satisfaction, value and so on were investigated. With control of the other non-social variables and setting up a questionnaire with Likert scale and check the sample size in (n=322) on the basis of stratified method, the impact of social support on the sense of belonging was measured. To achieve this objective, analytical/ descriptive correlation as well as hierarchical regression were used. In fact, through using the hierarchical regression method, the effects of control variables on the dependent variable were controlled. Through data analysis, the results showed that social support and mental health have a positive impact on people’s sense of belonging. Also, society involvement moderates the impact of social support on resident’s sense of belonging. The findings of the data analysis show that the hypothesis of the effect of social indicators on sense of belonging helps to improve the participation of people in society and mental health, and the involvement as a second independent variable is significant. But the “effect of the mental health as a mediator variable” is not significant. Since the current study has measured social indicators on sense of belonging, this cross-sectional study has not measured the variables such as income level, education, housing density, so it is suggested that in subsequent studies. Individuals and organizations must consider the influence of different dimensions of these variables on sense of belonging, and also this study has relied on individual reports in response to variables that make them aware of the actual opinions of residents and can be the basis of a more comprehensive research in future studies.}, keywords = {Sense of belonging,Social Support,Involvement,mental health,Satisfaction}, title_fa = {تعیین رابطه حس‌تعلق و شاخصه‌های اجتماعی آن، نمونه موردی: روستای زیارت در گلستان}, abstract_fa = {بافت‌های سنتی، برخلاف اغلب بافت‌های امروزی به‌دلیل نحوه طراحی، ساختار اجتماعی و سایر عوامل، بسیاری از نیازهای اجتماعی و روانی ساکنین خود را تأمین می‌کردند و پاسخگویی بهتری نسبت به بافت‌های امروزی داشتند. از طرفی محیط و فعالیت های اجتماعی تأثیر مهمی در شکل‌گیری مفاهیم اجتماعی و از جمله حس تعلق ساکنین دارند؛ حس تعلق علاوه‌بر اینکه موجب احساس راحتی از یک محیط می شود، می‌تواند در مکان زندگی فرد به‌وجود آمده و با گذر زمان عمق و گسترش یابد. ارزش‌های فردی و جمعی بر چگونگی این حس تأثیر می‌گذارند و به هویت افراد و احساس تعلق شان به محیط زندگی کمک می‌کنند و به‌عنوان یک فرآیند بر سلامت روان هر جامعه ای مؤثر می‌باشند.                         هدف از این پژوهش تعیین رابطه حس‌تعلق و شاخصه‌های اجتماعی آن در مردان و زنان روستایی است که در پایداری سکونتگاه‌هایشان مؤثر می‌باشد. بافت روستای تاریخی زیارت گرگان به‌عنوان نمونه‌ای مناسب مورد سنجش قرار گرفت و متغیرهایی در آن انتخاب شدند که بررسی آن‌ها این احساس تعلق را بروز می‌دهند. در این راستا و با بررسی نظریات موجود، شاخص‌های مختلفی همچون مشارکت اجتماعی، حضور در فعالیت های اجتماعی، تنهایی، رضایت‌مندی، ارزش داشتن و غیره بررسی شد. با کنترل سایر متغیرهای غیراجتماعی و تنظیم پرسشنامه‌ای بسته با مقیاس لیکرت و بررسی حجم نمونه 322 نفر به روش طبقه‌ای، تأثیر حمایت اجتماعی بر حس‌تعلق مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. برای رسیدن به این هدف از روش تحلیلی توصیفی، همبستگی و روش تحلیل رگرسیون سلسله‌مراتبی استفاده شد. از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها، نتایج به دست آمده نشان دادند که حمایت اجتماعی و سلامت روان بر حس‌علق افراد تأثیر مثبت می‌گذارند؛ همچنین متغیر درگیری با جامعه تأثیر حمایت اجتماعی بر حس‌تعلق افراد را تعدیل می‌کند.  }, keywords_fa = {حس‌تعلق,حمایت اجتماعی,درگیری با جامعه,سلامت روان,رضایت‌مندی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58551.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58551_5b7fbda242c135c13d14947b97513023.pdf} } @article { author = {Haji Ali Asgar, Neda and Momeni, Kourosh}, title = {Appearance of Four Atashkadeh Architectural Designs in Iran}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {23-38}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {The use of numbers in the past architecture has a special place, so that it is used in most holy buildings. The culture is full of the wonders that it expresses in nation’s architecture, in a harmonious way. The numbers of the figures, whether statically and aesthetically, are clearly evident in historical places. In a way that is quite obvious, the numbers are not sometimes visible; they use as Symbols and help architects in terms of building stability. In the meantime, number four was one of the most stable numbers in the stationary direction of the buildings. Regarding to the people’s beliefs, they used it as a holy number especially in religious places. The number four in ancient times has been asymbolic  number. For example, it is believed that there are four rivers in heaven that have the shape of a cross, or there are four parts of the earth, and the like. The fourth of the four distances, even centuries ahead of history, is to show what is solid, tangible and tangible. Has been used and is, in fact, a heavenly figure. It has also been used extensively in religious architecture. The designs drawn from Paradise are square- (rectangular) shaped and have four doors. In this paper, we try to investigate the role of this number in the architecture of Atashkade by examining the historical significance of “Four” aesthetics and static. To do this, using a descriptive-analytical method, the method of reviewing library texts and field methodology has been used to evaluate the formation of fire cells based on the number four. For this purpose, the features in the general layout of the remained Atashkades in Iran have been analyzed in terms of the application of the Four. Finally, seven sacred and important Atashkades have been investigated in terms of physical characteristics. The spatial structure of Atashkade and places that the ancient Iranians created in their ancient times were organized and arranged regarding to their forms and symbols. The space that was built by man or the architectural space of Atashkade in all cases made a turning point, the centrality of fire that lay between the heaven and earth. Also, with a square plan, this feature was inspired by the viewer, from the landmark to the dome Elderly is in evolution. The four-pillars were kept with four pillars, which protected the deep thoughts and, with a beautiful statement, referred to the angels holding the earth and the keepers of the main directions. We also see the rectangularity of the roof and the dome-shaped roofs of the fireworks with four pillars as well as the main turning point of the architectural space of the fire. The findings show that the architectural design of Atashkade in terms of planar characteristics and their formation is fully in line with the principle of applying the number four, so that we explore in all of these buildings, the existence of four pillars in the planar planks, as well as the placement of four openings in four directions. Also, the height of the building and the vertical axis, the observance of the four levels in the representation and the total volume are considered as the index of the figure and the role of this number in the harmonization of the overall structure of these buildings is quite evident. In all Atashkades, having a quadrilateral plan was essential. We do not see opposition in any of the fireworks. Various spaces, such as the dome, the holy fire, the Ganjkhane, and other spaces, are all shaped by a four-pillar plan. In the vertical direction, they also show the four appearances. In the beginning, we have a wide range of land as a Atashkade site. Then the columns and the main body of the fire temple after that place the roof and then a dome-shaped roof, which is a symbol of the sky. In this way, the thoughtful form of the sanctity of number four has also been shown in vertical direction. The placing of the dome and roof on the four columns in the Atashkade is a symbol of the four preserving elements of the earth. Also, in the Atashkades used in the decorations, the number four has been used so that the base of Atashkades located in the center of it, is in the form of four-ears, and in their view are also four stages as elements a Atashkades are classified.}, keywords = {Architectural Numbers,Number Four,Zoroastrianism,Buildings,Temples}, title_fa = {تجلی عدد چهار در طرح معماری آتشکده‌های ایران}, abstract_fa = {استفاده از اعداد در معماری گذشته جایگاه خاصی داشته، به‌گونه‌ای که در اکثر بناهای مقدس به کار رفته است. فرهنگ هر ملتی سرشار از شگفتی‌هایی است که در معماری آن ابراز و به شکلی هماهنگ بیان شده است. نقش اعداد چه از نظر ایستایی و چه زیباشناسی در اماکن تاریخی به وضوح خود را به ظهور رسانیده است. به‌گونه ای که کاملاً آشکار استکه اعداد نه تنها به دید سمبلیک کاربرد داشته‌اند، بلکه از نظر پایداری بناها نیز به معماران کمک شایانی می‌نموده‌اند. در این میان عدد چهار یکی از پایدارترین اعداد در جهت ایستایی بناها بوده است و در اعتقاد مردم عددی مقدس و در اماکن مذهبی به فراوانی از آن استفاده می‌کردند. در این مقاله سعی بر آن است، با بررسی تاریخی عدد چهار از نظر زیبایی شناسی و ایستایی؛ نقش این عدد را در معماری آتشکده‌ها بررسی نماییم. برای این امر از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی استفاده و به شیوه مرور متون کتابخانه‌ای و روش میدانی به ارزیابی چگونگی شکل‌گیری آتشکده ها بر مبنای عدد چهار پرداخته شده‌است. بدین منظور ویژگی‌های موجود در طرح کلی آتشکده‌های باقیمانده در ایران از لحاظ به کارگیری عدد چهار مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته‌اند و نهایتاً هفت آتشکده مقدس و مهم از نظر ویژگی‌های کالبدی بررسی شده‌اند. یافته‌های به‌دست آمده نمایانگر این مطلب می باشند که طرح معماری آتشکده‌ها از نظر ویژگی‌های پلانی و نحوه شکل‌گیریشان کاملاً منطبق بر اصل به‌کارگیری عدد چهار می‌باشند. به‌طوری که در تمامی این بناها وجود چهار ستون در پلانی چهارگوش و همچنین قرارگیری چهار بازشو در چهار جهت، امری ضروری بوده است. همچنین از بعد ارتفاع بنا و محور عمودی؛ رعایت مراتب چهارگانه در نماسازی و حجم کلی بنا به شکل شاخص رعایت شده است و نقش این عدد در هماهنگ کردن ساختار کلی این بناها کاملاً مشهود می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {معماری,عدد چهار,دین زرتشت,چهارتاقی,آتشکده}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58552.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58552_4464b5bab336f9989f21b8c99a15b87d.pdf} } @article { author = {Raheb, Ghazal and Nazari, Mahya}, title = {A Study on Semi Open-private Spaces Function in Residential Units of Tehran}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {39-48}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Iran contemporary architecture, with good approximation, is the result of economical, social and cultural changes of the country over time. Perhaps, architecture of special monuments such as a cinema and national library, were influenced by one or several factors and even affected by the prevalent international architectural styles; but in case of residential buildings architecture, less clear and pervasive traces of such styles can be tracked. Residential architecture in Iran is nowadays gradually finding a quite internal-biased identity, which is the consequences of today’s internal social, cultural, and economic realities of the country compared to international factors. In other words, the new internal-biased identity is neither directly influenced by traditional architecture nor affected by international models. On the other hand, urban development and population growth in cities, have increased demand for residential units and resulted in increasing land price. As open and semi-open spaces are less valuable comparing with close spaces in buildings, open and semi-open spaces are going to decreased in residential buildings. This issue has intensified to follow western models. Based on the relationship between human needs and the natural environment and its impact on physical and psychological characteristics of individuals, creating semi-open spaces in architectural design is in priority. The research method is based on library and field study. On the first step, the factors of appropriate semi-open spaces have been identified. Definition of open and semi open spaces through regulations and criteria, theoretical studies and urban design rules are the main references regarding to this issue. Increasing the quality and quantity of open spaces in residential buildings is depended on evaluating the function of semi-open spaces in them. Field study through observation and interview by residences is an appropriate method to understand the effective factors. One of its strategies is identifying the status of private open space and residential buildings in Tehran, studying the potentials and constraints and achieving the votes and comments of users of the space. Therefore, by a review of 30 cases, the use of semi-private buildings and factors related to effectiveness were determined. According to the results, over 80% of the population experience the lack of privacy and poor formation of space to create effective use of existing open space. According to studies, aristocracy can be the most common cause of lack of space and the most trivial security housing units do not use the space as desired. Units which is located in upper classes have less problem in terms of visibility and nobility, and their greatest difficulty is with the opposite units located close to the altitude. Another important issue that affects the inadequate functioning of semi-open spaces is the creation of favorable qualitative conditions in semi-open spaces. Semi-open spaces in the examined samples often do not have the proper view and perspective; in addition, their dimensions and proportions are not suitable. For example, in most of these cases, there is no possibility to place large pots or tables or chairs or tools such as barbeques. This is often due to the low width or generally low area of the semi-open spaces. Failure to provide adequate safety in the abseils is another factor affecting the performance of mid-range spaces. The inappropriate shape of the dwelling or lack of proper height is one of the most important factors. It is seen that semi-spaces are replaced with warehouses, dry-cleaners or satellite dishes as result of lacking indoor spaces and inadequacy of the spaces. Access to suitable spaces and considering climatic conditions are other important factors in the functioning of semi-open spaces, which are less important for users than other factors. The upper-class units of intermediate and high-rise buildings have less security in terms of security. Therefore, Security is known as the most important factor in the eyes of the residents. So that the villa buildings, as well as the first and second floor units in the apartments, were faced with the problem of security of the semi-open spaces. Generally understanding, application of Iranian traditional architecture is one of basic goals which should be considered. The Iranian architecture has, for the following reasons, developedin different time intervals or even different positional conditions- under influence of two completely distinct factors: modernity and tradition. Modernity and tradition both have their high values and both of them should be considered.}, keywords = {Semi Open Space,Private Space,Residential Unit,Balcony,Terrace}, title_fa = {بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کارکرد فضای نیمه‌باز خصوصی واحدهای مسکونی شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {گسترش شهرنشینی و رشد جمعیت شهرها میزان تقاضای مسکن را افزایش داده و به تبع آن موجب افزایش ارزش افتصادی زمین شده است. به دلیل بالاتر بودن ارزش اقتصادی فضاهای بسته نسبت به فضاهای باز و نیمه‌باز و با توجه به الگو برداری‌های شتاب‌زده و فاقد تأمل از الگوهای غربی، سطح فضاهای باز و نیمه‌باز در فضاهای مسکونی، به‌خصوص در الگوهای آپارتمانی، کاهش یافته است. در نتیجه کاهش ارتباط انسان با محیط طبیعی پیرامون، امنیت روانی انسان به مخاطره افتاده و انرژی و سلامت انسان تا حد زیادی تحت‌تأثیر قرار گرفته است. با در نظر گرفتن اهمیت و نیازمندی انسان به ارتباط با محیط طبیعی و تأثیر آن بر خصوصیات روحی و فیزیکی افراد، توجه به فضاهای نیمه‌باز امری ضروری است. اصلاح شرایط و ارائه راهکارهایی جهت گسترش فضاهای نیمه‌باز در ساختمان‌های مسکونی متداول نیازمند آسیب شناسی وضع موجود و شناخت عواملی است که مانع ارتقاء کیفی فضاهای مسکونی می‌شوند. یکی از راهکارهای مؤثر در شناخت وضع موجود، استفاده از فضای نیمه‌باز و باز خصوصی در ساختمان‌های مسکونی شهر تهران و آسیب‌شناسی آن، کسب آراء و نظرات استفاده‌کنندگان از فضا است. به‌دلیل اهمیت این موضوع در کلان شهرها، تمرکز تحقیق بر شهر تهران بوده است. بر همین اساس، پس از بررسی و معرفی فضاهای نیمه باز و شاخص‌های مؤثر بر استفاده آن، با بررسی 30 نمونه، میزان استفاده از فضاهای نیمه باز خصوصی و دلایل عدم استفاده از آن، به صورت میدانی و با استفاده از پرسشنامه (مصاحبه با ساکنین) مشاهده و تعیین شد. براساس نتایج به دست آمده، بیش از 80 درصد از ساکنین، به‌دلیل عدم وجود حریم شخصی و شکل‌گیری نامناسب فضا، استفاده مؤثری از فضای نیمه‌باز موجود نمی‌کنند. طبق بررسی‌ها، اشراف به اطراف را می‌توان مهم ترین علت در عدم استفاده از فضای مورد نظر دانست.}, keywords_fa = {فضای نیمه‌باز,فضای خصوصی,خانه مسکونی,ایوان,بالکن}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58554.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58554_2ad915dd5e635ba920148be57307ac5f.pdf} } @article { author = {Sajadzadeh, Hassan and Haghi, Mohammad Reza}, title = {A Comparative Study of Environmental Quality between Pedestrian Malls and Traditional Bazaars, Case Studies: 15 Khordad Pedestrian Mall and Tehran Old Bazaar}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {49-59}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Nowadays public Spaces are one of the key elements for enhancing the quality of life in cities that they have special station on city structure. Bazaars are one of these spaces which have old background in Iran. In the past, these spaces actioned as an economic, social, and religious heart in city and created a part of city structure, but gradually and by growing the cities and creating new commercial centers in different place, old bazaars were faced with physical and functional exhaustion. At the same time as reducing quality in centers of big cities, pedestrianization approach has considered in order to reducing the dominance of cars on city center and returning vitality to it. Creating the public spaces for pedestrians was raised within the framework of the pedestrianization approach, that an example of them was formed as a pedestrian malls. The pedestrian malls are one of the most important of pedestrian streets in city centers that they pursue various economic and social goals. All these show that both pedestrian mall and traditional bazaar are shaped by the same function and they are known as a public space. In recent years, traditional bazaars and pedestrian streets have been welcomed by the people despite shortcomings. However, if public spaces are improved, they will be the best place for spending leisure time on holidays. Hence, we must identify the strengths and weaknesses of these spaces and provide strategies for organizing them. This research compares the environmental quality indicators in 15 Khordad pedestrian mall and Tehran old bazaar. We did this research through descriptive-analytical method based on documental and case studies. Research theoretical is obtained through library studies and subject indicators has been extracted in the table. In the next step, we have analyzed the indicators in the case studies and we have specified environmental quality main factors of pedestrian mall and bazaar with a factor analysis method. For this purpose, we extracted 24 indicators in relation to environmental quality of urban public space from valid word texts. In order to assess the research hypothesis, we choose two case studies including 15 Khordad pedestrian mall and old bazaar in Tehran, and then we test the indicators in them. For this purpose, we designed the questionnaire based on extracted indicators. In questionnaire, we designed questions for each of the indicators which were mentally and based on five-level Likert method. We considered 200 questionnaire based on the Neyman sampling test in order to validity for SPSS analysis (The number of questionnaires are 8 times more than the number of indicators). So we considered 100 questionnaires for 15 Khordad pedestrian street and 100 questionnaires for old bazaar. After completing questionnaires, we input data to SPSS software for analyzing them with factor analysis, extracting main factors, and calculating case studies scores. The early extracted from factor analysis shows 6 main factors for environmental quality of pedestrian street and old bazaar that contain 68 percent of their variance. Therefore, we named factors based on relationship between various indicators. Accordingly, the main factors explaining the environmental quality of Pedestrian Street and bazaar include Responsibility, Image & Landscape, Walkability, Activity & Performance, Socialization, and Accessibility. After that, we calculated standard factor scores to comparison the environmental quality of Pedestrian Street and bazaar, that shows environmental quality of 15 Khordad Pedestrian mall is a little bit better than old bazaar. More detailed results show that pedestrian mall is relative superiority than bazaar in 4 factors: Activity & Performance, Accessibility, Responsibility, and Walkability; and on the contrary, the bazaar is relative superiority than pedestrian mall in 2 factors: Socialization and Image & Landscape. The results of this research can be used to provide operational strategies and improve the quality of these spaces. Therefore, the main strategies for promoting the environmental quality of old bazaars are “mixing land uses and increasing retail sales”, “provision of accommodation, catering, and sanitation facilities”, organizing commercial sub-street”, selling traditional handicrafts”, “restoration of national and religious ceremonies in the bazaar”, increasing permeability to bazaar”, “improving quantitative and qualitative public transport access to bazaar”, “organize and redefine bazaar inputs”, “parking facilities for cars and bicycles”. The main strategies for promoting the environmental quality of pedestrian malls are “using Iranian-Islamic design principles for space design”, “attracting private participation for space conservation”, “creating pauses and rest spaces along the path”, “designing human scale retails”, “protecting valuable buildings”, “preventing environmental perturbation”, “encouraging people and business to keep the environment clean”, paying attention to the conditions of the environment and pedestrians in different weather conditions”.}, keywords = {Urban Space Quality,Traditional Bazaar,Pedestrian Mall,Tehran Old Bazaar,Factor analysis}, title_fa = {مقایسه تطبیقی کیفیت محیطی پیاده‌راه‌های تجاری و بازارهای سنتی،نمونه موردی: پیاده راه پانزده خرداد و بازار قدیم تهران}, abstract_fa = {  فضاهای عمومی شهری عناصری کلیدی در ارتقاء زیست شهروندان به حساب می‌آیند. از جمله چنین فضاهایی می‌توان به فضاهای تجاری اشاره نمود، که از گذشته تاکنون جایگاه خود را در شهرها حفظ نموده‌اند و همواره به‌عنوان قلب تپنده شهر به حساب می‌آمده‌اند. بازارهای سنتی و پیاده‌راه‌های تجاری دو نمونه متفاوت از چنین فضاهایی هستند که امروزه در هسته‌های مرکزی اغلب شهرهای بزرگ در حوزه‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی ایفای نقش می‌کنند. بر همین اساس در این پژوهش پیاده‌راه پانزده خرداد و بازار قدیم تهران با هدف سنجش مؤلفه‌های کیفیت محیطی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته اند. شاخص‌های تبیین کننده این موضوع از طریق مروری بر متون معتبر جهانی استخراج شده و از طریق پیمایش میدانی و تهیه پرسشنامه گردآوری شده‌اند (n =200). روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و به‌منظور خلاصه سازی شاخص‌ها و تعیین تأثیر هر یک از متغیرها بر عوامل تبیین‌کننده کیفیت محیط، از روش تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی استفاده شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد شش عامل «فعالیت و عملکرد»، «قابلیت دسترسی»، «پاسخ‌دهندگی»، «قابلیت پیاده مداری»، «سیما و منظر» و «اجتماع پذیری» به ترتیب بالاترین سهم را در تعریف کیفیت این فضاها دارا می‌باشند. به‌منظور مقایسه کیفیت محیط در پیاده‌راه و بازار، امتیازات عاملی استاندارد شده محاسبه شده‌اند که نتایج آن نشان می‌دهد کیفیت محیط در پیاده‌راه پانزده خرداد به میزان جزئی از بازار قدیم بهتر است. همچنین نتایج تفصیلی‌تر بیانگر برتری پیاده‌راه نسبت به بازار در چهار عامل فعالیت و عملکرد، قابلیت دسترسی، پاسخ‌دهندگی و وضعیت پیاده‌مداری است و در دو عامل اجتماع پذیری و سیما و منظر برتری با بازار بوده است. حفاظت از بناهای ارزشمند، جلوگیری از اغتشاش محیطی، تأمین امکانات اقامتی، پذیرایی و بهداشتی، فروش صنایع دستی، اختلاط کاربری‌ها و افزایش خرده فروشی‌ها، طراحی براساس مقیاس انسانی و جلب مشارکت بخش خصوصی از اصلی ترین راهکارهای پیشنهادی این پژوهش برای ارتقای کیفیت این فضاها می‌باشد.  }, keywords_fa = {کیفیت فضای شهری,بازارهای سنتی,پیاده‌راه تجاری,بازار قدیم تهران,تحلیل عاملی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58558.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58558_857eba6ed5fef8f54e09d46f5fa8ffa4.pdf} } @article { author = {Gharavi Khansari, Maryam}, title = {From Traditional to Contemporary Neighborhood, A Study on Revitalizing Neighborhood Identity in Contemporary City}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {61-76}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Recently, there are different points of views that has been proposed considering the role of neighborhood in city. Although the dependence of citizens to their living territory and its provided services has been decreased, the necessity of face to face relationship is important. So the effect of neighborhood development and its importance for empowering the social interaction and sense of belonging is considering in sustainable development theories. One of the most effective ways for studying the characteristics of neighborhood is the study of traditional communities and its effective dimensions. Traditional neighborhoods have been formed and survived during history spontaneously. In contemporary era, along with omitting the neighborhood concept from modern urban design and planning, it has been emerged a lot of defects in nowadays human inhabitations. Recently, the scientific communities have payed attention to the concept of neighborhood. The general situation of contemporary city makes it difficult to revitalize the characteristics of a human neighborhood. In this relation, paying attention to the values of traditional neighborhoods and searching solutions to harmonize these values with new situation can be beneficial. This paper suggests revitalizing the identity of neighborhood against the physical revival. So, this paper is going to study the main characteristics of traditional neighborhood identity and proposing new solutions in this regard in modern cities. Revitalizing neighborhood identity is the strengthening of sense of place and neighborhood community and can be adaptable with contemporary urban living necessities. According to analysis, two steps of recognition and individuation are important in the process of identity perception. Dialectic relationships between recognition and individuation is proposes by Barth a contemporary German sociologist who believes that although the objectivity and mental image of a phenomenon change dynamically, but there is a structure that remains durable. Accordingly, recognition means that a phenomenon can be recognized among other different phenomenon. Individuation means that the phenomenon can be distinguished among similar phenomenon. The recognition factors of neighborhood identity in traditional communities are introduced in five main categories which are socialcultural boundaries, the system of spatial and activity hierarchy, scale and coordination in texture and townscape and neighborhood center and services. The factors relating the individuation analysis are semantic characteristics. Inspiring from these main discussions along with S.W.O.T. analysis, it has been proposed thirteen practical suggestions proposing in five main categories. The categories are suitable adapting connection to city, relative self-sufficiency, physical organization, humanization and strengthening the sense of belonging. The practical suggestions are the hierarchy of connections of neighborhood streets to the city streets, the adjusted connection of neighborhood center to each other via pedestrians and riding paths, defining the relative territory of neighborhoods, providing the neighborhood job opportunities for the neighborhood natives, providing the necessary neighborhood services and suitable access to them, localizing the building facades via native materials and plants, harmonizing and coordinating the facades, adapting identifying landmarks, inhabitant partnership, strengthening social interaction, adjusting suitable area and population, human scale of spaces and safety and security of the neighborhood environment. These factors are suggested as the basic steps toward emphasizing neighborhood identity in contemporary city. The suggestions not only try to propose flexible standards, but also they consider the criteria for environmental qualities. In this regard, the tactics can be categorized in two main groups according to their relation to the traditional and contemporary solutions. The first category is the tactics that are directly inspired from the non-physical characteristics of the traditional neighborhoods such as social interaction, sense of belonging and socialism (in tactics 9, 10 and 13). These tactics can provide the traditional spirit of social contribution to the contemporary neighborhood that lacks this important characteristic. The second category are the tactics that have indirect effect inspired from traditional neighborhood. The characteristics that are not exactly the same in the traditional communities but there can provide adaptable situation for the contemporary lifestyle. These tactics suggest characteristics such as contemporary service functions, pedestrian lanes along with ride ways and internal connection along with the connection to the city which are proposed in tactic 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12 and 13. In another word, they provide the necessities of the contemporary lifestyle. Proposing the practical suggestions, it is considered the flexibility and multi-dimensional characteristics of contemporary neighborhoods which emphasizes the simultaneous urban dimensions (in tactics like 1, 2 and nearly 5) along with neighborhood dimensions (in tactics like 3, 4, 9, 11, 12 and 13). So they benefit the characteristics of a calm and secure neighborhood along with opportunities of linkage to the services provided by city.}, keywords = {Traditional Neighborhood,Contemporary Neighborhood,Neighborhood Identity,Contemporary City}, title_fa = {از محله سنتی تا محله معاصر؛ کندوکاوی در راهکارهای احیاء هویت محلی در شهر امروز}, abstract_fa = {تاکنون دیدگاه‌های متنوعی در رابطه با نقش محله مطرح شده‌اند. اگرچه با توجه به ویژگی‌های زندگی امروز، وابستگی افراد به قلمرو سکونتی آن‌ها و خدمات آن کاهش یافته، لیکن نیاز به ارتباط چهره به‌چهره هنوز زوال نیافته و اهمیت طراحی محله و توانایی آن برای ارتقاء تعامل اجتماعی و تعلق خاطر به محیط زندگی همچنان در نظریات توسعه پایدار مورد توجه است. یکی از مؤثرترین روش‌های مطالعه ویژگی‌های محله از طریق مطالعه سابقه تاریخی آن در محله‌های سنتی امکان‌پذیر است. در این راستا، این نوشتار احیاء هویت محلی را در شهر امروز در مقابل احیاء کالبدی محله‌های سنتی طرح می‌نماید. احیاء هویت محلی، احیاء حس‌مکان و اجتماع محلی است و می‌تواند با زندگی شهری امروز انطباق یابد. براساس تحلیل‌ها، در فرایند ادراکی از هویت، دو مرحله «بازشناسی» و «تشخص» اهمیت دارد. مولفه‌های مربوط به تحلیل حوزه بازشناسی هویت محلی در محله سنتی در این نوشتار در چهار محور با عناوین مرزبندی اجتماعی- فرهنگی محله، نظام سلسله‌مراتبی فضایی و فعالیتی، رعایت مقیاس، انسجام و هماهنگی در بافت و سیمای کالبدی، مرکز محله و خدمات محلی دسته‌بندی شدند. از سوی دیگر، مؤلفه‌های مربوط به تحلیل حوزه تشخص، ذیل عنوان شاخصه‌های معنایی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. با الهام از ویژگی‌های محله سنتی و توجه به شرایط خاص و نیازمندی‌های حوزه‌های مسکونی معاصر، اصلی‌ترین فرصت‌ها و راهکارهای احیاء هویت محله ها و تقویت پایداری آن‌ها براساس جداول تحلیلی سوات، به صورت سیزده راهکار در پنج دسته‌بندی اصلی به صورت انطباق و اتصال مناسب با شهر، خودکفایی نسبی، ساماندهی کالبدی، مردم یکردن و تقویت حس‌تعلق انسانی ارائه شده است. در فرایند تبیین راهکارها به موضوع انعطاف‌پذیری و ماهیت دو بعدی محله‌های معاصر از نظر دارا بودن برخی ویژگی‌های شهری در عین داشتن ابعاد محلی توجه شده است که آن‌ها را از طرفی با روح کلی محله‌های سنتی پیوند می‌دهد و از طرف دیگر با شرایط زندگی امروز متناسب می‌سازد.}, keywords_fa = {محله مسکونی,محله سنتی,هویت محلی,شهر معاصر}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58566.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58566_a6586a3b247570efcbb46eb596a99346.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghamari, Ekhlas and Talischi, Gholamreza and Dejdar, Omid}, title = {Analytical Approach to Investigate the Gender and Its Differences in Understanding Physical Space, Case Study: Cultural Centers in Tehran}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {77-86}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Gender or Sex? Is there a difference between them? Do opposite sexes feel dramatically different about the same places or the same built environment at the same time? Are there any diversities between understanding and perception? Is there a possibility of existing different perceptions between different genders of a same built environment? The distinction between sex and gender (the anatomy of an individual’s reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics), which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one’s own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity). The sex and gender distinction is not universal. In ordinary speech, sex and gender are often used interchangeably. In one hand the term perception (from the Latin perception) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or the environment. Perception is not only the passive receipt of these signals, but it is also shaped by the recipient’s learning, memory, expectation, and attention. On the other hand there is the term understanding. Understanding is a psychological process related to an abstract or physical object, such as a person, situation, or message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object. Understanding is a relation between the knower and an object of understanding. Understanding implies abilities and dispositions with respect to an object of knowledge that are sufficient to support intelligent behaviors. The present paper aims to well achieve the necessary items in a built environment’s design, which has been designed properly for both genders (male and female). Thus such built environment is an outcome of considering and cognizing the differences between two genders’ perceptions. It should be emphasized that a built environment’s perception is one of the most important and complex aspects of the recognition and measurement of built environment. Meanwhile, one of the most important aspects of these differences and another significant feature is gender, and it seems that gender is related to people’s attitudes and perceptions of a phenomena. Therefor as a result of such differences it can be inferred that, different people in confrontation with a built environment may have different perceptions. It seems that such complicated issues have not been studied independently while the beneficial results of such advantageous experiments can have a significant impact on improving the quality of human environment. Therefor this brief study intends to properly respond the following questions: “is there any meaningful association between gender and the perception of the built environment? Are there any significant difference in the features of a place, in the perception of the built environment by the inquiry samples, among the sexes?” To achieve the answers of the proposed questions analyzing a public place where both genders may attend equally should be chosen. Of course there are many various places with different functions where both males and females might widely attend. We chose cultural centers out of the many functional built environments that are being used by both genders. The cultural centers were selected in different locations in Tehran and Groups of male and female respondents have been used due to evaluate implication of the perception of the built environment. The convincing reason of choosing different location is to prevent the regional factor to influence this survey. The method is semantic differential or SD. It is a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts. The connotations are used to derive the attitude towards the given objects, event or concept. The semantic differential is today’s one of the most widely used scales used in the measurement of attitudes. One of the reasons is the versatility of the items. The bipolar adjective pairs can be used for a wide variety of subjects. Based on the results of this research, people in dealing with the built environment are considerably sensitive about all aspects of that place, visual categories, and emotional, cognitive and functional aspects. This issue should be noticeably considered by designers. Therefor they should consider a suitable approach that all users’ senses are properly stimulated. This could lead to more complete and evocate understandings of the built environment. Taking everything into consideration the results of this study can lead to achieve remarkably the differences of female and male perceptions, and with considering these significant differences, to improve the quality of both sexes presence.}, keywords = {Environmental Perception,Impact of Gender on Perceptions,Gender,Architecture,The Built Environment,Public space}, title_fa = {رویکردی تحلیلی به بررسی جنسیت و تفاوت‌های آن در ادراک فضای کالبدی، نمونه موردی: فرهنگسراهای شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {هدف تحقیق حاضر، رسیدن به آیتم‌های ضروری در طراحی فضایی معماریست، که برای هر دو گروه جنسی کاربر فضا طراحی شده باشد. چنین فضایی، محصول توجه به تفاوت‌های ادراکی دو جنس استفاده‌‌کننده از فضا می باشد. ادراک فضا، از مهم‌ترین و پیچیده‌ترین ابعاد شناخت و سنجش فضا می‌باشد. یکی از ابعاد مهم تفاوت‌های فردی انسان‌ها، جنسیت است و به‌نظر می رسد که جنسیت با نگرش‌های افراد و ادراک آن‌ها از پدیده‌ها رابطه داشته باشد. در نتیجه چنین تفاوت‌هایی، ممکن است افراد مختلف در رویارویی با فضا ادراک متفاوتی نسبت به یکدیگر داشته باشند. چنین موضوعی مستقلاً کمتر بررسی شده است و نتایج چنین آزمایش‌هایی می‌تواند تأثیر قابل توجهی در ارتقاء کیفیت محیط‌های انسانی داشته باشد. این مقاله درصدد پاسخگویی به پرسش‌های زیر است: آیا بین جنسیت و ادراک فضای کالبدی رابطه‌ای وجود دارد؟ و در ادراک فضای کالبدی توسط جامعه آزمودنی، بین دو جنسیت، تفاوت معناداری در توجه به ویژگی‌های فضا وجود دارد؟ فرهنگسراهایی در تهران انتخاب شده‌اند و گروه‌های پاسخ‌دهنده مؤنث و مذکر به منظور سنجش مفاهیم ادراکی فضا مورد استفاده قرار گرفته‌اند. روش پژوهش، آزمون افتراق معناییست. براساس نتایج حاصله، افراد در رویارویی با محیط، به تمام جنبه‌های فضای معماری، مقولات بصری، روانی، ادراکی و عملکردی توجه دارند. بنابراین باید در طراحی به تمام جنبه‌های ادراکی کاربران و تفاوت‌های آنان توجه نمود. این امر باعث ادراک کامل‌تر و خاطره‌انگیزی آن فضا شده و کاربران بهتر و با کیفیتی بالاتر با آن ارتباط برقرار کرده و زمان بیشتری را با رضایت خاطر در آن سپری می‌نمایند. از یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌توان به تفاوت‌های ادراک زنان و مردان از فضای کالبدی دست یافت و با رعایت آن‌ها در طراحی فضاهای عمومی، به ارتقاء کیفیت حضور هر دو جنس در فضا کمک کرد.}, keywords_fa = {ادراک محیط,جنسیت,فضای ساخته شده,فضای عمومی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58575.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58575_da986a346a5e4b4b705f3abdc8c18517.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahmoudi Zarandi, Mahnaz and Sabouri Doudran, Maryam}, title = {The Analysis of the Effective Elements on Vulnerability of the Facades by Passive Defense Approach and Using AHP & GIS, Case Study: Amiriyeh Neighborhood of Tehran}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {87-101}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {The formed buildings in the margins of streets, while being incompatible and unrelated to the cultural identity, cause a great deal of dangers to both passersby and residents in case of a crisis. Considering that Iran and specially Tehran somehow has been threatened by foreign enemies, the pathology of buildings in case of military attacks and discussingthe strength of buildings against explosions and the shots of attacks is very important and strategic. From the defense considerations perspective, facades are the weakest part of buildings against explosion. The facade of a building may be locally damaged and destroyed due to an explosion, so the facade pathology can reduce the number of casualties and can efficiently effect on the way people deal with a crisis while they are threatened. Architectural planning needs a pre-crisis pathology in order to be capable of dealing with incidents crisis and attacks with explosive waves properly. Vulnerability is a term used to indicate the magnitude and extent of the damages that may have occurred to communities, buildings, and geographical areas in result of natural disasters. The aim of this research is to provide an appropriate method for assessing the vulnerability of the building facade to explosion. Minor aims include:1. Achieving the effect of structural, non-structural, and the age of the building on vulnerability of the facades against blast wave2. Identifying the effective elements on the resistance of the urban building facades against blast wave and the conversion of effective elements into measurable indicators3. Characterizing the vulnerable facades in low, medium, and high vulnerability spectrums Amiriyeh neighborhood that is located in the 11th district of Tehran, is one the oldest areas of this city. Due to the demographical compression and residential, commercial, and administrative land use in this area, it is rated as a highly populated area, which makes it seriously vulnerable in times of crisis. The 11th district of Tehran, which is the subject of this article, has an area of 1200 hectares while a population of 245,000 people and the concentration of crucial political land use makes it the most important region of Tehran. The over-compression of administrative and political land use and the way they are located in the area and beside each other, has increased the importance of this district. Such a characteristic has made it a permanent desirable target for military invasions of foreign enemies or terrorists. Accordingly, it is essential to adopt measures and methods that reduce the level of vulnerability of the area against conventional threats, which can result in severe damages to the buildings and people. In this research, four main indicators of architectural facades including compatibility of the building with demography, service life of the building, structural elements, and non-structural elements have been studied. The sub-indicators are as follows: construction age, building quality, block size, employment coefficient, form of the building and openings, balconies, materials, construction methods and roofing systems. The evaluation of the mentioned indicators has been done using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Weighing and prioritizing of the indicators was firstly done considering the views of seven specialists and then by Expert Choice software. After reaching the high priority indicators using the methods explained above, they were evaluated using GIS and multiplied by their weight coefficients and placed together to draw the plans of highly vulnerable areas and to be used as a hint for identifying the areas, which need to be secured. The results of this study show that the priority of defensive vulnerability factors of the district are mostly affected by those, which are related to the indicator of building compatibility with the urban demography and construction age as the first and second important indicators respectively. The occurrence of a crisis such as an explosion seems to involve the whole structure of a neighborhood depending on the blast distance and the amount of explosives used and this reflects the importance of a building in the overall urban space in neighborhood scale, which can have many parameters in vulnerability analysis. The high vulnerability of Amiriye neighborhood is due to demographic erosion for older buildings and low strength of materials used in the façades of newly built buildings in Amiriye neighborhood. Weak connections between the façade structure and the main structure are proved the most significant factor of their collapse against explosions. Considering the old and compressed demography of the following area, indicators such as the number of stories is the most vulnerable sub-indicator with a score of 1.753. The block size with a score of 0.568, building quality (considering old demography and the presence of restored and destructed buildings compared to the newly built ones) with 0.551, and the type of building frame in most of the buildings with 0.451, are the next priorities.}, keywords = {passive defense,Urban Facades,Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),GIS,Amiriye Neighborhood}, title_fa = {تحلیل عوامل مؤثر در آسیب‌پذیری نماهای شهر تهران با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل با بهره‌گیری از AHP و GIS، نمونه موردی: منطقه 11 شهرداری تهران، محله امیریه}, abstract_fa = {از نظر ملاحظات پدافندی، نما، ضعیف‌ترین بخش ساختمان در برابر انفجار است. نما ممکن است به صورت موضعی در واکنش به انفجار ویران شود، در نتیجه آسیب شناسی نماها می‌تواند درکاهش تلفات جانی و همچنین نحوه برخورد با بحران درهنگام تهدیدات متعارف مثمر ثمر باشد. برنامه‌ریزی معماری برای مواجهه صحیح با بحران‌های حوادث و حملات دارای موج انفجار نیازمند آسیب‌شناسی قبل از بحران است. محله امیریه که در منطقه 11 شهرداری تهران واقع شده است، یکی از قدیمی‌ترین مناطق تهران است که به‌دلیل فشردگی بافت و وجود کاربری‌های مسکونی و تجاری و اداری از تراکم جمعیتی نیز برخوردار است؛ لذا در مواقع بحران بسیار آسیب پذیر می‌باشد. در این تحقیق به چهار شاخصه اصلی نماهای معماری مانند ارتباط بنا با بافت شهری و عمر ساختمان‌ها، عناصر سازه‌ای و عناصر غیر سازه‌ای پرداخته شده است. زیر شاخصه‌ها نیز به ترتیب عبارتند از: قدمت بنا، کیفیت بنا، اندازه بلوک، ضریب اشغال، فرم بنا و بازشوها، بالکن‌ها، مصالح، روش اجرای ابنیه و بام، می باشد. ارزیابی شاخصه‌های مذکور با تحلیل سلسله مراتبی AHP انجام شده است و وزن‌دهی شاخص‌ها و اولویت‌بندی آن‌ها ابتدا با نظر هفت متخصص و سپس با کمک نرم‌افزار Expert choice انجام گرفته است. پس از دریافت شاخصه‌های با اولویت بالا، این شاخصه‌ها با استفاده از GIS مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند و در ضریب وزن خود ضرب شده و روی هم قرار گرفته تا نقشه‌های مناطق با آسیب پذیری بالا به‌دست آید. یافته‌های تحقیق بیانگر این نکته است که اولویت عوامل آسیب پذیری پدافندی منطقه بیشتر تحت‌تأثیر عواملی است که در درجه اول مرتبط با شاخص ترکیب ابنیه با بافت شهری و در درجه دوم عمر ساختمان‌ها است. ضمن اینکه زیر شاخصه‌ها نیز برای منطقه 11 محله امیریه اولویت‌بندی شوند.}, keywords_fa = {پدافند غیر عامل,نماهای شهری,تحلیل سلسله مراتبی,محله امیریه}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58583.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58583_4ed84aad3d83e06fb97f4195c036bf0f.pdf} } @article { author = {Moazemi, Manochehr and Hojjat, Eesa}, title = {Origins of Cultural Gaps and Perplexities in Contemporary Iranian Architecture}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {103-112}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {The central point of this paper is that changing the dreams of Iranians over the ages and decades has caused a different world in comparison to their existing world. This includes changes from time to time, which has led to crises changes and transformational crises; In turn, this has undermined the necessary social concentration in addressing “experiences from history” and “norms of society”; In such a situation, the transformation that is like life and growth for culture, does not fit into the proper context and goes away. In the contemporary Iranian architecture, we are witnessing such developments. Among the crisis changes that have occurred in many cities of Iran without the proper provision of the 1960s, the issue of immigration has led to a crisis of civilization and caused profound changes in architecture. The Iranian city and architecture from the beginning of the 60s, faces with the changes in and transformation of concepts and meanings. In other words, the “change of dreams”, as well as the overcoming quantity of quality and the changed aspect of most issues to quantitative or numerical factors (like economics) can show the importance of quantity while the concept of quality is expressed by quantitative indicators. The dreams of the Iranian society and the architectural changes affected by this quantity orientation have been studied in four periods, respectively. The first spit on the necessity of changing the past system governing Iran’s society and history was led by Abbas Mirza, following the defeat in the Second Iran-Russia War and thus, the study of the initial period of this change of attitude was conducted under the name of Abbas Mirzaie status and the dreams of the Iranian community; Following this, and in the next period, the dream of a change appears in the stature of the Constitutional Revolution and then, in the first Pahlavi period, the dream of change is intensified; The peak of dreaming is happening in the second Pahlavi era. With the Occurrence of the Islamic Revolution, this dream changes. Dreaming of the Iranian Society to change and pass the status quo, eventually with Negligence, led to a Sleepiness, which ultimately led to a break with the continuous flow of architecture. These discontinuities eventually affected the product of architecture (as the physical manifestation of culture). These conditions were influenced by the state of the society, represent the architecture that rebuilds this cycle, and cause the decline in the value of the architecture. As a result of the evolution of dreaming in Iranian society, “architecture” over the past decades has first become a “dependent architecture” (dependent on Western thinking and achievements) and “speculative architecture” and the “architecture of imitation” (imitation of the appearance of world architectures), “architecture of deception” (an intrinsic structure with a glamorous and advanced look), and it has become wandering and lost among the minds and massive physical faces, and ultimately becomes a “miraculous architecture” (the design or construction of dreams and physical imaginations). In the contemporary period, due to the speed of the changes and the fluidity of the culture, the recognition, and the subsequent control of the cultural components of the architecture is simply not possible and has been largely forgotten. This can be seen as the root cause of the decline in value aspect of contemporary architecture of Iran. The cultural architectural breakdowns and disturbances are the result of similar ruptures and failures in Iran’s culture and society. Today, the lack of familiarity with the biological and cultural features in each corner of the land of Iran as well as the incorrect recognition of its relation to the surrounding environment (on a variety of scales and in various aspects) is one of the most important neglects of the cultural breakdown in architecture. A neglection that drives all of this diversity by one stick and prescribes a single copy for building a building in its place. The impact of contemporary cultural transformations of Iran on Iran’s architectural transformations has been captured in four areas in this way; “The transformations of the face and the tone of architecture”, “interacting with patterns and versions of the Western world”, “foundation of thought transformation” and ultimately “the interaction and interaction of the thoughts of sovereignty and people.” This paper, in search of cultural discussions in the current status of Iranian architecture, points to the cultural discontinuities contained therein and has resulted them as in similar discrepancies in the culture and society of Iran. Reviewing the changes in the face and tone of architecture of Iran in contemporary period and addressing various ideas in the field of architecture and culture, by looking at the status of global developments and the relation between Iran and the West, show that what has undergone today’s architecture in the crisis, is its cultural-social point.}, keywords = {Contemporary Iranian Architecture,culture,Crisis of Civilization,Cultural Gap,Cultural Perplexity,Iranian Society}, title_fa = {ریشه های گسست و گم گشتگی فرهنگی در معماری معاصر ایران}, abstract_fa = {نکته محوری این مقاله، مبین آن است که تغییر رؤیاهای ایرانیان طی اعصار و دهه‌های مختلف، باعث مطالبه دنیایی دیگر گونه در مقایسه با دنیای موجودشان بوده است. این امر هر از چندگاهی، دگرگونی‌هایی را به ارمغان آورده است. شهر و معماری ایرانی از اوایل دهه چهل با دگرگونی و تحول مفهوم‌ها و معناها و به تعبیری، «تغییر رؤیاها» و همچنین با غلبه «کمیت» بر «کیفیت» مواجه می شود و هر آن چه کمّی و یا عددی باشد، میدان می‌یابد. رؤیاپردازی جامعه ایرانی برای تغییر وضع موجود در دوره‌های مختلف، رفته رفته با غفلت، به خوا‌ب‌زدگی منجر شده و این امر نهایتاً موجب گسست از جریان پیوسته معماری سنتی شده است. امروزه معماری به نحو ناهنجاری پیوند خود را با گذشته‌اش از دست داده و مناسبات جدیدی جای آن را گرفته و در حوزه نظر و عمل معماری، چالش‌ها و تردیدهای موجود در تعاملات فرهنگی، به گونه پیچیده‌تری، جنبه کالبدی و عینی به خود گرفته است. به عبارتی، نوعی گسستگی و گُمگشتگی فرهنگی در معماری رخ داده است. این مقاله در جست وجوی مباحث فرهنگی در وضع موجود معماری ایران، گسست‌های فرهنگی موجود در آن را مورد اشاره قرار داده و آن‌ها را ناشی از گسست‌های مشابه در فرهنگ و جامعه ایران برشمرده است. مرور تحولات چهره و لحن معماری ایران در دوره معاصر و پرداختن به اندیشه‌های گونه‌گون در حوزه معماری و فرهنگ، با نگاهی به وضعیت تحولات جهانی و عنایت به رابطه ایران و غرب، گویای این مهم است که آنچه معماری امروز ما را دستخوش بحران نموده است، وجه فرهنگی- اجتماعی آن می باشد.}, keywords_fa = {معماری معاصر ایران,فرهنگ,گسست فرهنگی,گُمگشتگی فرهنگی,جامعه ایرانی,بحران مدنیت}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58586.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58586_90c54f00d6ddff9ddb080fc22d639cbd.pdf} } @article { author = {Memarian, Gholam Hossein and Madahi, seyed mehdi and Aeini, Sajjad and Abdolahi, Ali}, title = {Investigating the Effects of Walls on Reducing Energy Consumption in Traditional-residential Areas of Kashan, Case Study: Boroujerdi House}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {113-124}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Over the past few decades and aligned with the beginning of energy crisis in the world, many efforts were made in order to reduce energy consumption in the construction sector and this droved humanity to use natural energies. Since there are limited source of energy in the world, many countries are aiming to achieve sustainable developments. In our country, there are various climate zones and weather conditions during different seasons. In this regard, traditional architecture has created rational solutions based on the type of building, the activity carried out in it, and the climate of the area, to provide comfortable conditions for humans. By investigating past architectures, we can see that providing thermal comfort for humans was carried out with utilizing maximum natural energy. Defining human comfort range precisely in each climate zone is one of the best ways for designing natural factor-based buildings. It can be assumed that using native and traditional methods is one of the best solutions that can be used to solve the problems created by modern buildings. Iranian traditional architecture is one aspect of sustainable architecture, which was responsive to environmental factors and energy efficiency, both in terms of low initial cost and current and functional price of the building. Despite all technological difficulties, the traditional architect has general understanding of his surrounding climatic concepts and chooses the right proportion and orientation in order to move toward a sustainable architecture. Light plays a significant role in architecture; hence, architects and designers use light extensively in various fields to create unique spaces. In this paper, the authors aimed to study the characteristics of considering climate in term of energy issues in Kashan and in functions such as houses that have the most usage among architectural functions. The methods of research in this study are both qualitative and quantitative, and in sample recognition phase, the qualitative research method was used. First, the basic knowledge was completed by collecting information from library resources and field observations. And then a quantitative research method was used to analyze and evaluate the data obtained from recognition phase. Therefore, in this study, one of five-door-room in the Boroujerdi homes was selectively modeled in Google sketchup 3D software and then analyzed by Ecotect’s software, with the aim of investigating the effects of shadow depths on space quality, recognition of native pattern and building architecture, and the amount of light and the energy received by different spaces. To enhance the accuracy of the studies, analyzes were carried out on two days, one in summer and another in winter, which had the greatest difference regarding the state of the sun, and to assure the accuracy of measurements carried out for sun lifetime and daylight, the investigations were carried out in three different hours per each day (9 Am, 12 Pm, 15 Pm). Light is one of the main types of renewable energy, and from long ago its usage was one of the primary concerns of humans. By proper analysis and with the use of architectural discipline solutions, residential buildings with efficient principles, less costly models, and more comfort can be achieved. At the Boroujerdi House, the traditional architect considered particular climate issues and successfully was able to provide thermal comfort and optimal lighting of the five-door-space, which is largely consistent with the foundations of sustainable architecture. The five-door-room in the Boroujerdi House can be considered a favorable and optimal space in terms of lighting and energy reception level, and its architect can be considered a successful and acceptable example in terms of climate situation. Using sunlight to provide the necessary lighting for the whole day and providing the required energy maximally in the cold days have resulted in the definition and responsiveness of space toward the needs in two levels, so that the required light would not be less than a minimum amount, and on the other hand, a part of the building which is defined for specific usage and is dependent on the needs of its user, will respond to other needs which is providing and supplying energy in cold season. It seems that in Iranian houses, the proportions and symmetry of eaves have an important role on receiving the solar energy and providing thermal comfort. This has significant importance for studying and for importing it in modern designs. The design of the Boroujerdi House contributes to the continuity of senses and the quality of space, increases the life span of space, and the user can spend more time in this space with a reasonable amount of light change.}, keywords = {Broujerdi House,light,Thermal Comfort,Energy Stability}, title_fa = {بررسی چگونگی تأثیر جداره‌ها در کاهش مصرف انرژی در بافت مسکونی- سنتی کاشان، نمونه موردی: خانه بروجردی‌ها}, abstract_fa = {در کشور ما مناطق اقلیمی و شرایط آب و هوایی در فصول سال بسیار متنوع می باشد. در این راستا معمار سنتی راه‌حل‌هایی منطقی را برای فراهم نمودن شرایط آسایش انسان ابداع نموده است. یکی از جلوه‌های معماری پایدار، معماری سنتی ایران است که به موارد زیست‌محیطی و کارایی انرژی، هم به لحاظ پایین بودن قیمت اولیه و هم قیمت جاری و کارکردی بنا، پاسخگو بوده است. معمار سنتی با انتخاب درست تناسبات و جهت‌گیری‌ها سعی در حرکت به سمت معماری پایدار داشته و علی‌رغم تمامی دشواری‌های تکنولوژیک، درک درستی را از مفاهیم اقلیمی خود دارا بوده است. در این مقاله تلاش شده تا ویژگی توجه به اقلیم از لحاظ نگاه به مسأله انرژی در شهر کاشان و در عملکردی مانند خانه، که بیشترین استفاده را در میان عملکردهای معماری دارد، بررسی شود. از این‌رو در این جستار، برای بررسی تأثیر عمق سایه‌اندازها بر کیفیت فضایی، میزان نور و انرژی دریافتی فضاها، یکی از اتاق‌های پنج دری موجود در خانه بروجردی‌ها به صورت انتخابی در نرم افزار سه بعدی Google Sketchup مدل سازی شده و سپس توسط نرم‌افزار اقلیمی Ecotect مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. برای بالاتر بردن دقت مطالعات، تحلیل‌ها در دو روز انقلابین تابستانی و زمستانی که بیشترین میزان اختلاف در وضعیت خورشید را دارند صورت گرفت و برای اینکه میزان عمر مفید خورشید و نور روز در فضاها به درستی اندازه‌گیری شود، در هر روز در سه ساعت (9 صبح، 12 ظهر و 15 بعدازظهر) بررسی انجام شد. این گونه به‌نظر می‌رسد که تناسبات سایه‌اندازها نقش مهمی در میزان دریافت انرژی خورشیدی در خانه‌های ایرانی و تأمین آسایش حرارتی در آن‌ها داشته است که برای مطالعه و وارد کردن آن به فرآیند طراحی امروز از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {خانه بروجردی‌ها,نور,آسایش حرارتی,پایداری انرژی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58590.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58590_b1e914bfa75bfb788d6244b85447c570.pdf} } @article { author = {Nasrollahi, Nazanin and Abdollahzadeh, Safora and Litkohi, Sanaz}, title = {The Effect of Atrium on Indoor Environment, Occupant’s Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in Office Buildings, Case Study: Tehran}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {125-138}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Building design including energy saving features and natural resources protection, is one of the main responsibilities of architects. Atrium is an open interior space that can be potentially related to the exterior environment and in addition to its impact on energy optimization, it can have positive effect on the occupants’ indoor environmental perceptions. In this study two case studies of office buildings (with and without atrium) in Tehran were selected. These buildings had minimum differences in terms of number of floors, the ratio of the area of exterior openings to wall area, heating and cooling systems, average number of staff per square meter, construction materials and insulation properties. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the quality of indoor environmental conditions and energy consumption in the both office buildings, with central atrium and without atrium to optimize energy consumption and workplace conditions. In this research, field experiments, including questionnaires and physical measurements of environmental parameters simultaneously were used. The field experiments (data logger and questionnaire) were conducted during the summer in the both buildings. The Field studies were carried out by environmental measurement methods through research tools including thermometers and lux meters. The measured variables are temperature, relative humidity and lighting intensity. To measure the temperature and humidity simultaneously, the Standard Thermometer with an accuracy of ± 0.1 ° C is used and a Standard st-1309 lux meter is used to measure the light intensity. Data loggers are positioned away from the direct effects of energy sources such as solar radiation, cooling systems, and etc. The device is placed in the workplace near the staff table. The field measurements were carried out on July 2013, for three working days. For measuring lighting data, the amount of daylighting in all directions and in all floors was recorded by lux meter device in the both studied buildings at 8-10 am and 12-14 pm. To develop the questionnaire, the format of the international standard questionnaire of ASHRE Standard 55 (2013) and the Center for the Built Environment (CBE) in the University of California-Berkeley were used. Then to adapt the questionnaire with the research hypotheses, changes were made to the questions and also new questions were added to the text of the questionnaire. In the format of the questionnaire, the main questions are divided into various categories such as personal and background questions, satisfaction questions and questions related to the quality of the indoor environment. For data analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, univariate analysis, variance analysis, the Spearman correlation analysis and Duncan’s multiple range test were used. The results of the questionnaire response show that there was a significant difference between the votes of the staffs in the two studied offices (with and without atrium), including; the satisfaction of the cooling and heating conditions of the workplace, the thermal conditions of the working environment in the summer and winter, the temperature conditions in the very hot / Warm air/ cold weather conditions, the reason for perceived thermal discomfort in the summer, the need to turn on the lamps during different days  of the year, the required amount to turn on the lamp in cloudy days, the satisfaction with natural light in the workspace, the satisfaction degree with visual comfort in terms of glare and contrast. The results showed that there was a significant positive effect of atrium on staffs’ satisfaction regarding the indoor environment conditions of thermal comfort, lighting quality and visual comfort. The data show that the indoor air temperature of the Ministry of Health (without atrium) is on average 25 ° C and warmer than the railway building (with atrium). There is also a small difference in comparison between measured relative humidity data between the two buildings. The comparison of the results based on the Duncan test showed that the southern direction received the highest amount of day lighting while the north and west directions had the lowest amount similarly in the both studied office buildings. Furthermore, the results showed that the amount of day lighting was higher in the building with atrium compared to the building without atrium, while electrical energy consumption, relative humidity and temperature was lower in the building with atrium. In general, the result showed that atrium had a significant effect in reducing energy consumption and providing thermal comfort in this office building. In order to generalize the results of the research, it is necessary to conduct such research in a large number of similar study samples.}, keywords = {Atrium,Energy,Daylight,Thermal Comfort,Office Building}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر آتریوم بر شرایط محیط داخلی، آسایش حرارتی ساکنان و میزان مصرف انرژی در ساختمان‌های اداری، نمونه موردی: شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = { طراحی ساختمان‌هایی با ویژگی صرفه‌جویی در انرژی و نگهداشت منابع طبیعی، در زمره اصلی‌ترین مسئولیت‌های معماران قرار می‌گیرد. آتریوم به‌عنوان یک فضای باز داخلی است که علاوه بر تأثیر آن بر بهینه‌سازی مصرف انرژی، می‌تواند اثرات مثبتی بر درک افراد از محیط داخل داشته باشد. در این تحقیق دو نمونه مطالعاتی ساختمان اداری دارای آتریوم و بدون آتریوم در شهر تهران انتخاب شدند که از نظر خصوصیات مساحت، تعداد طبقات، نسبت مساحت بازشوهای بیرونی به مساحت دیوار، سیستم گرمایشی و سرمایشی، میانگین تعداد پرسنل در متر مربع، جنس مصالح و نوع عایق‌بندی کمترین تفاوت را باهم داشتند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی مقایسه ای شرایط محیط داخلی و میزان مصرف انرژی در هر دو ساختمان ادارای دارای آتریوم و ساختمان اداری بدون آتریوم جهت بهینه‌سازی مصرف انرژی و تعدیل شرایط فیزیکی محیط کار می باشد. در این تحقیق از مطالعات میدانی شامل تکمیل پرسشنامه و اندازه‌گیری عوامل محیطی توسط حسگرهای حرارتی در هر دو ساختمان در فصل تابستان استفاده شده است. جهت تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی (PCA )، آزمون تی مستقل، آزمون ناپارامتریک من ویتنی، تک متغیره، آنالیز تجزیه واریانس یک طرفه، تحلیل چند دامنه‌ای دانکن و همبستگی اسپیرمن استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهند، وجود آتریوم اثر مثبت معنی داری بر رضایت مندی کارمندان از شرایط محیط داخلی از نظر آسایش حرارتی، کیفیت نور و آسایش بصری داشته است. همچنین میزان روشنایی روز در ساختمان دارای آتریوم در مقایسه با ساختمان بدون آتریوم سطح بالاتری داشته درحالی که میزان مصرف انرژی الکتریکی، رطوبت نسبی و درجه حرارت آن پایین نبوده است. به‌طورکلی نتایج نشان داده که وجود آتریوم تأثیر معنی‌داری در کاهش مصرف انرژی و ایجاد آسایش حرارتی در این ساختمان اداری داشته است.}, keywords_fa = {آتریوم,مصرف انرژی,روشنایی روز,آسایش حرارتی,ساختمان اداری}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58595.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58595_8c7402cc88edc85e7ad76d2f8cde24a2.pdf} } @article { author = {jalalian, sara and Habib, Farah and Zaker Haghighi, Kianoush}, title = {Analyzing the Role of Fence and Gate in Securitization of Residential Complexes, Case of Study: Hamedan City Residential Complexes}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {139-148}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {In security research studies and in explanation of security concept, two points are mentioned, one introduces security as an objective concept and it is related to human’s life and property. In second approach, security means a subjective concept and it is called the sense of security. Security is related to crime and crime prevention in its objective dimension. Crime prevention is a sophisticated issue. Within last three decades any scholars (Jafari, 1971, Newman, 1973 and Brantingham and Brantingham, 1981) have found that the crime is a human behavior which can be occur by the mutual relationship between individual and environment or by people interactions. Mutual relationship between environment and human behavior in new environmental design approaches has led to this idea that environment physical and social structure can prevent crimes significantly by codification and implementation of special regulations. The term of crime prevention through environmental design, for the first time was created and expressed by CR Jeffery, a criminologist. Simultaneously, the term of defensible space was used by an architect, his name was Oskar Newman. Defensible space strategies were revised subsequently, by crime prevention through environmental design approach. Scholar’s findings about crime prevention through environmental design approach can be categorized in term of four factors as “Surveillance”, “Accesses Control”, “Territoriality”, “Maintenance”. Surveillance is three types. Natural and informal surveillance, formal and organized surveillance and mechanical surveillance. Access control is a process which is done for preventing, detecting or investigating of people who try to enter to especial environment or a building. This principle is used for reducing accessibility potential on regions which are vulnerable for crimes or for reducing commitment of crime. Access control means reducing crime commitment opportunity through some solutions such as building sentry,mechanical control as locks and natural control as appropriate defining of space through walls, fences and barriers. This research aims to investigate the security of gated residential complexes having fence and ungated ones without fence on the basis of residents’ crime experience. This research studies have been formed on the basis of four fundamental strategies of crime prevention through environmental design. It also has been focused on fence and gate as one of the indexes of access control and territoriality strategies. Studied samples have been selected by scattered sampling through Hamedan city residential complexes. Among Hamedan city residential complexes, eight complexes were selected as the cases of study by cluster sampling method. These are Saedieh, Kashani, Ahrar, Ghadimiha, Bu Ali, Imam Khomeini and Imam Reza complexes. This research has been done with two quality and quantity strategies and in first step by content analysis and in second step by survey method on the basis of questionnaire codification and distribution in studied samples. Structural equation modeling method and its related tests was used for measuring the relationship between the existence of fence and gate and studied samples security. Non-parametric -U- Mann Whitney Test was also used for specifying resultsthrough measuring significant level of security between two groups of gated and ungated  complexes. As research findings show, fence and gate as one of the access control indexes, which seemed very important and effective at first, do not have any role in securitization of Hamedan residential complexes. Investigation about access control and territoriality showed that people do not pay attention to real and symbolic barriers such as fence, hedge or green space while passing barriers is a popular issue among people’s behavioral habits. On the other hand, fences around Hamedan residential complexes, are of metal and short while passing them is simple. So, the architectural features of a physical factor and people’s behavioral habits in a region are effective on function of that physical factor. By the fading role of fence and gate in definition of territory and access control, the role of residential complex periphery context would be more highlighted in inside the complex events. Urban marginal regions do not have appropriate physical context around residential complexes. Inappropriate function of fence and gate (regarding their material and physical feature), also facilitates stranger’s entrances in to the complex in periphery urban residential complexes with inappropriate periphery context. Residential complexes which have been located in city center with periphery context, having residential or trade function, have experienced more robberies. Residential complexes and towns in urban suburb which have incompatible land uses proximity such as rehabilitation and training center and residential regions, have more experiences about some crimes as drugs, disturbances and batteries.}, keywords = {Security,Crime Preventing,Fence and Gate,Residential Complex,Hamedan}, title_fa = {واکاوی نقش حصار و دروازه در امنیت‌بخشی به مجتمع‌های مسکونی، نمونه موردی: مجتمع‌های مسکونی شهر همدان}, abstract_fa = {این مقاله بر آن است تا امنیت مجتمع های مسکونی دارای حصار و دروازه و فاقدحصار و دروازه را بر حسب تجربه جرم ساکنان، مورد بررسی قرار دهد. مطالعات این پژوهش بر پایه چهار راهبرد اساسی رویکرد پیشگیری از جرم از طریق طراحی محیطی  شکل گرفته است و بر حصار و دروازه به عنوان یکی از شاخص‌های دو راهبرد کنترل دسترسی و قلمروگرایی متمرکز شده است. نمونه‌های مطالعاتی، از میان مجتمع‌های مسکونی شهر همدان به روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای انتخاب شدند. این پژوهش با دو راهبرد کیفی و کمی؛ در مرحله اول با روش تحلیل محتوا و در مطالعات میدانی، با روش پیمایشی انجام شده است. روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری و آزمون‌های آماری وابسته به آن، برای سنجش رابطه بین متغیرها و آزمون ناپارامتری یومن ویتنی برای سنجش سطح معناداری امنیت بین دو گروه مجتمع‌های دروازه‌دار و بدون دروازه به‌کار گرفته شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان‌دهنده عدم وجود رابطه معنادار بین حصار و دروازه و امنیت نمونه‌های مطالعاتی می باشد. همچنین تفاوت معناداری بین امنیت مجتمع های مسکونی دارای حصار و دروازه و فاقد حصار و دروازه همدان یافت نشد. کنکاش پیرامون یافته‌های تحقیق بیانگر آن است که، ویژگی‌های کالبدی حصارها و دروازه‌ها و عادت‌های رفتاری مردم به‌عنوان یک عامل فرهنگی، از مهم‌ترین دلایل نقش کمرنگ دروازه‌ها و حصارها در امنیت‌بخشی به مجتمع‌های مسکونی همدان می‌باشد. نتایج نشان‌دهنده اهمیت بافت پیرامون مجتمع مسکونی در ارتباط با امنیت مجتمع، به لحاظ وجود یا فقدان بافت کالبدی مناسب و نوع کاربری‌های همجوار می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {امنیت,پیشگیری از جرم,حصار و دروازه,مجتمع مسکونی,همدان}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58597.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58597_5521eb22338c422f31b2f70a8db36359.pdf} } @article { author = {Razzaghi Asl, Sina and Khoshghadam, Farzaneh}, title = {Application of Smart Growth in Designing Urban Deteriorated Areas from the Perspective of Experts and People, Case Study: Farahzad Community}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {149-159}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Cities like living beings are always in need of revitalization. They are such as human organisms, need to renew their deteriorated areas and replace old cells with new ones. In process of renovating urban deteriorated areas in metropolitan of the world specially in capitals, not only new buildings are continuously replaced with urban deteriorated structure, but also the cultural, social and economic revitalizing as well as result of physical changes occur in city. On the other hand, the dispersed expansion of the city causes the adverse environmental, social and economic consequences. The dispersed expansion of the city causes the city to get empty from the inside, and with the uneven population deployment, the old city centers tend to wear out more quickly. In the meantime, rural context that have inevitably entered urban areas are also worn-out due to the inability to adapt to the speed of city growth. Because of the increasing amount of worn-out textures in Tehran and various social, economic, technical, legal, managerial and environmental aspects of these contexts, renovation has become one of the major issues in specialized circles, especially in urban design. Moreover, the natural hazards such as earthquakes, accelerate this process. Hence, considering that the revival of worn out textures is the main accelerating platform for improving the quality of life of its inhabitants and ultimately, reducing the city’s multifaceted distances, so an executive plan can be very valuable. Smart growth is suggested as a solution to these problems, which in addition to the restoration and rehabilitation of neighborhoods and inland areas, also control the growth and development of the city. Renovating urban deteriorated areas can improve quality of residents ‘life, reduce physical, social and economic distance of urban areas and eventually lead to achieve sustainable urban development, and this is the importance of renovating urban deteriorated areas. This study tries to use a comprehensive and new method in urban design and urban planning, considering the environmental, functional,social and economic dimensions in addition to  the physical aspects of the context, in renovating urban deteriorated areas. Main goal of this research is improving urban deteriorated areas by using of smart growth principles in renovation. To achieve this goal theoretical foundations of urban deteriorated areas and smart growth is studied and then the desired criteria and indicators are chosen. To select these components and their subindices, the Delphi technique was used and finally, all the measures examined by the field survey and based on its results, the design manuals and guidelines were developed. The findings of this paper show that the items such as “enhancing walkable accessibility”, “conservation of valuable buildings”, “enhancing legibility”, “attention to the economic conditions”, are the most important factors in renovating the Farahzad deteriorated community. By surveying residents, physical, functional and environmental problems were most prominent. Issues such as low passageways, lack of sidewalks in all areas, environmental pollution, fragmentation of parts, lack of efficient urban furniture, lack of adequate public spaces, lack of access to appropriate urban services, poor distribution of services are part of the problems which caused the main residents to leave the area and have no other affiliation to their neighborhood. According to the results of the survey, physical, economic, environmental, functional, social and perceptual components are respectively the most consistent with the quality of the environment, respectively. On the other hand, studies based on rational inference and field studies have also shown that the existing physical condition had a significant impact on decreasing the texture quality. The results also show that considering the components of “strengthening pedestrian access”, “protecting valuable historical boundaries”, “enhancing readability” and “paying attention to the livelihoods of residents” with the highest correlation coefficient will be effective in renovating deteriorated areas of the Farahzad based on principles Smart growth. Thus, some strategies including establishing integrity and coherence of the physical-spatial range, supporting the local economy and strengthening the required infrastructure, cleanliness and maintaining the gardens of the neighborhood, creation of integrity and integrity in the context and the general construction of the physicalspatial range, organizing and improving the condition of the buildings in the context, promoting the perceptual qualities of the arrival of the neighborhood and strengthening the signs along the way, compensation for the lack of localized service use to create lively neighborhoods, organizing public transportation and modification of sewage collection system and garbage collection system and also equipping and strengthening the range of recreational and service areas and increasing social relationships in the neighborhood, are recommended for using smart growth approach in planning new community of Farahzad.}, keywords = {Urban Design,Urban Deteriorated Area,Smart Growth,Public and Experts Perspective,Farahzad Community}, title_fa = {کاربست رشد هوشمند در طراحی بافت‌های فرسوده شهری از دیدگاه متخصصین و مردم، نمونه موردی: محله فرحزاد تهران}, abstract_fa = {شهرها به مثابه موجودات زنده برای ادامه حیات، نیازمند تجدید بافت‌های فرسوده خود و جایگزینی سلول‌های کهنه با سلول‌های نو هستند. در روند نوسازی بافت‌های فرسوده نه تنها ساختمان‌های نو دائماً در مسیر جایگزینی با ساختارهای فرسوده شهری هستند، بلکه تجدید حیات فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی نیز به تبع از تغییرات کالبدی در متن شهر صورت می‌پذیرد. مضافاً این که مخاطرات طبیعی همانند زلزله، ضرورت تسریع چنین روندی را ایجاب می نماید. از این رو، در پژوهش حاضر، رشد هوشمند شهری برای بازگرداندن حیات مدنی به بافت‌های فرسوده با در نظر گرفتن ابعاد زیست محیطی، عملکردی و موضوعات اجتماعی و اقتصادی علاوه بر جنبه کالبدی در این بافت‌ها پیشنهاد شده است. هدف این پژوهش توجه به مشکلات بافت‌های فرسوده و امکان استفاده از این بافت‌ها برای رفع نیازها و کمبودهای آینده شهروندان از طریق پیاده‌سازی اصول رشد هوشمند در نوسازی‌ این‌گونه بافت‌ها می‌باشد. در این پژوهش، از روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی در بستری از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و نیز روش دلفی برای استخراج متغیرها و نرم‌افزار SPSS برای تحلیل داده‌های آماری، بهره گرفته شده است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که توجه به مؤلفه‌های "تقویت دسترسی پیاده"، "حفاظت از ساختمان‌های با ارزش و تاریخی محدوده"، "تقویت خوانایی" و "توجه به وضعیت و معیشت اقتصادی ساکنان" با بیشترین ضریب همبستگی، در طرح نوسازی بافت فرسوده محله فرحزاد مبتنی بر اصول رشد هوشمند مؤثر خواهند بود.}, keywords_fa = {طراحی شهری,بافت فرسوده,رشد هوشمند,محله فرحزاد}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58599.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58599_a9df8809f7da7614f3d2f0d4fc398a98.pdf} } @article { author = {Zamani, Bahador and Honaravar, Mohsen}, title = {Investigation of Place Attachment Factors in Urban Neighborhoods, Case Studies: Dardasht, Charsoghiha, Mollasadra and Doteflan Neighborhoods of Isfahan}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {161-172}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Neighborhoods are city constructing components. As a socio-physical territory, neighborhoods are the most important interface between individuals and their surrounding urban environments. The original ties forming the human life in place make the space meaningful and shape the individual identity in relation to the place identity. Although in the history of Iranian urbanism the neighborhoods have bonded people and their living environment differently in terms of the cultural, social and economic roots, but nowadays, due to the physical- social and economic changes, place attachment to the neighborhoods is no longer taken into account in the contemporary lives resulting in the impacts such as rootlessness, distress and homelessness. The need for the attention to the place attachment in contemporary era with the diversity of available related terminology have led to the ambiguities of urbanism that have made the urban planners ignore the concept of place attachment while this concept has been moved to the holistic frameworks of other fields of urban knowledge. Due to the necessity of clarifying the concept of place attachment, this term is defined and explained from different viewpoints and applications, so the main problem in studying and investigating the concept of place attachment, either at the theoretical or at the experimental level is the diversity of approaches and definitions for this concept. The terms such as topo-philia, rootedness, community attachment, sense of society, place identity, place reliance, sense of place, etc. -without any semantic signification- have been the origin of many conceptual ambiguities in this field. Such ambiguities have prevented the development of the concept of place attachment. Accordingly, this research aims to find the reasons of the place attachment in urban neighborhood reviewing the available literature in this field using qualitative methodology and multiple case study research methods and logical argument in order to come up with the factors of place attachment in Isfahan neighborhoods. In this regard, using the multiple case study strategy, Dardasht, Doteflan, Mullasadra and Charsoghiha Neighborhoods of Isfahan were selected based on typological approach and techniques. Then using the semi-structured interviews and observation techniques, data was collected and analyzed applying the logical argument strategy in general and the directed contentanalysis and MAXQDA software in particular. The results of thisstudy showed that amain part of differences between place attachment definitions and its related concept such as the place identity, sense of place, and residential satisfaction roots in different fields and disciplines, different applied research systems, and different aspects and factors of the process of attachment. Thus, to come up with a comprehensive definition, every proposed definition not only has to be paid enough attention at the superior and inferior levels of the concept of place attachment, but it also has to specify precisely the aspects and factors of the process of attachment. Accordingly, place attachment is a level of the sense of place that includes cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects, each of which can affect the individual, social and physical factors. In other words, place attachment includes simultaneously the cognitive aspect (identity, memories, meaning, knowledge and pattern), emotional aspect (love, interest and pride) and behavioral aspect (behavioral patterns and services), while the fulfillment of each of these aspects depending on the analytical scale of the neighborhood can influence individual factors (age, educational level, gender and mobility), social factors (neighborhood relationships, participation in civil and social activities), and physical factors (territory, existence of the historical monuments, open and public spaces, green spaces, building density and size of the building). Furthermore based on 22 interviews conducted in studied neighborhoods, 1067 codes were extracted in relation to the residents’ place attachment to their neighborhoods classified in 40 sub-themes categorized in the main 8 themes including the “community intimacy”, “social identity”, “religion”, “dignity”, “space-time continuity”, “visual pleasure”, “responsiveness” and “residence duration”. These themes were identified as the main factors for place attachment in the studied urban neighborhoods. This in turn confirms the effect of individual, social and physical factors on place attachment beside its effectiveness of the cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions. In sum, considering the application of case study and an attempt to select the most suitable samples in urban neighborhoods of Isfahan, the results are relatively generalizable to other neighborhoods of this city. In this regard we can introduce eight themes of community intimacy, social identity, religion, status, time-space continuity, visual pleasure, responsiveness and residence continuity as the main factors and reasons of the residents’ place attachment to the urban neighborhoods of Isfahan. These themes can be obtained by 40 predicators or sub-themes.  }, keywords = {Place Attachment,Factors of Place Attachment,Isfahan’s Neighborhoods,Directed Content Analysis}, title_fa = {بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر شکل‌گیری دلبستگی مکانی در محله‌های شهری، نمونه موردی: محله‌های دردشت، چهارسوقی ها، ملاصدرا و دوطفلان شهر اصفهان}, abstract_fa = {محله‌ها از جمله عناصر سازنده شهری می‌باشند که به‌عنوان قلمرویی کالبدی- اجتماعی، بعد از خانه، مهمترین حلقه واسطه میان فرد و محیط پیرامونی‌اش می‌باشند و از این‌رو نقشی اساسی را در پیوند دادن مردم با محیط زندگیشان عهده‌دار می‌باشند، پیوندهای اصیلی که زندگی انسان در معنای واقعی خود را در مکان جاری ساخته، فضا را معنادار نموده و هویت فردی را در ارتباط با هویت مکانی شکل می‌دهد. با این وجود امروزه در سایه تحولات سریع کالبدی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و غیره دلبستگی مکانی به محله‌ها، کمتر محلی از اعراب را در زندگی معاصر به خود اختصاص داده است، به‌گونه‌ای که می‌توان بی ریشه‌گی، پریشانی و بی‌خانمانی بشر را در ارتباط با آن دانست. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف پاسخگویی به چرایی دلبستگی مکانی در محله‌های مسکونی با مروری بر آراء عمومی اندیشمندان در این حوزه از دانش بشری، با استفاده از روش تحقیق کیفی و بهره‌گیری از راهبردهای پژوهش چندموردی و استدلال منطقی به مطالعه عوامل دلبستگی مکانی در محله‌های شهر اصفهان پرداخته است. بر این اساس، نخست با استفاده از راهبرد تحقیق چندموردی، مبتنی بر فرآیندی گونه‌شناسانه، محله‌های دردشت، دوطفلان، ملاصدرا و چهارسوقی‌های شهر اصفهان به‌عنوان نمونه‌های مورد تحقیق انتخاب شده و سپس شواهد گردآوری شده از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته و مشاهدات با استفاده از راهبرد استدلال منطقی و به‌طور خاص روش تحلیل محتوای هدایت شده در محیط نرم‌افزاری MAXQDA مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. در نهایت بر اساس مصاحبه‌های 22 گانه صورت پذیرفته در محله‌ها مورد مطالعه، 1067 کُد در ارتباط با دلبستگی مکانی ساکنین به محله‌ها استخراج شده که با طبقه‌بندی‌ ایشان در قالب 40 درون مایه فرعی، 8 درون مایه اصلی صمیمیت اجتماع محلی، هویت اجتماعی، مذهب، شأن، تداوم فضا- زمان، حظ بصری، پاسخ‌دهندگی و طول مدت سکونت به‌عنوان عوامل اصلی دلبستگی مکانی در محله‌های مورد مطالعه شناسایی شده است.}, keywords_fa = {دلبستگی مکانی,عوامل دلبستگی مکانی,محله‌های شهر اصفهان,تحلیل محتوای هدایت شده}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58601.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58601_29e4ff3df652e4ff9bb272aa4f1d7ec2.pdf} } @article { author = {Atarod, Faranak and Kashi, Hosein}, title = {Constituent Elements of Urban Facade}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {173-192}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {In the past not so long ago, the buildings not only were designed individually in accordance with visual aesthetic principles, but also were placed in the field of design in full respect of around buildings. In recent decades, rapid unrestrained increasing of building has strongly affected on disorderly of heterogeneous proximity of bodies, activities and events in overall city. It contains some cases like disproportion and dissonance of buildings located close to each other and forming urban façade. Those issues are consequences of forgetfulness of building and urban façade as a member of urban visual aspect, treating and planning exterior building’s wall as a smooth and homogeneous face with some decorative extensions, ignoring and misunderstanding constitutive elements of building façade, and etc. Visual quality of building and urban façade has been lost, because of neglecting facade’s elements and components, and it degrades to a face made of interior functional design of building. In order to prevent the increasing spread of building patterns which are formed without semantic, visual and ecological support, and form a heterogeneous mix of urban façade, it is imperative that the building and urban façade be considered as part of the city’s visual aspect. A deserving consideration to the subject requires the recognition of the constituent elements of the face. So, in this writing, having aim of retrieval and introduction of elements of building façade, expert’s opinions and viewpoints have been studied. It is based on reviewing literature and documents relating to this writing. At the end, results of research have presented as a consequence of all viewpoints, in a model, to recognition constitutive elements of urban and building façade. It was found that the facade of the building consists of four distinct major parts. Horizontal parts must be different from each other by changing their color, texture, materials, as well as the proportions, connections (arranging and arrangement) of the components and pillars. The specific part, corner section, is to be distinguishable by changing the height and volume, and ... from other parts. In other words, the four parts mentioned are contrasted with each other. These four major parts are:1. Base part: The part that connects the building to the ground. This part is more exposed to the public due to its proximity to the earth. Accordingly, there must be a strong but flexible visual combination to accept various decorations and details.2. Mid-section: It includes the building’s floors and is between the base and the roof section or crown.3. The roof section: The part that connects the building to the sky.4. Corner Section: The intersection of two urban gates that in addition to maintaining the continuity of the facade of both sides, should be emphasized by arrangements on its location. If it belongs to the street, it will be divided into 3 species: simple, decreasing and incremental, and if it belongs to the square will be on two species: simple and without corner. In addition to the four major sections, the facade of the buildings has pillars that play a structural role in their composition, including horizontal and vertical rhythms and facade lines which in the adjoining buildings of each other, play the role of the main skeleton of the urban façade and regulates the major parts. The vertical and horizontal pillars of the building are also formed based on the type of combination of building components and openings and functional and decorative details. In other words, the type of combination of pillars and components of the building should be studied in a two-way relationship between them. These façade pillars are:1. The elements that create vertical and horizontal rhythms are categorized into two groups: the vertical / horizontal significant elements and the vertical / horizontal extensions of the repeating elements 2. Façade lines formed from the type of combination of above elements, including: - The base line, which is the lower edge of the body of the street and its border with the sidewalk,- Top ground floor, that is above shops and some entrances.- Lines of floors that come from the connection of components of floor facade such as windows,- Roofline and parapetIn the design of the components should note their three-dimensional feature, compatibility of scale with other components or with the pillars, balance/symmetry, and centrality in the overall composition, as well as in their internal divisions, the combination with each other in the formation of the façade pillars.}, keywords = {Building Façade,Urban Façade,Elements of Façade,Façade Major Parts,Façade Pillars,Façade Components}, title_fa = {عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده نماها و جداره های شهری}, abstract_fa = {در گذشته‌ای نه چندان دور، ساختمان‌ها، نه تنها از جنبه انفرادی و معطوف به خود، زیبا، شکیل و مطابق با اصول زیباشناختی بصری طراحی می‌شدند، بلکه در کمال احترام به بناهای پیرامونی، در زمینه طرح جای می‌گرفتند. این در حالی است که منظر شهرهای امروز ایران بی‌نظم، آشفته و نابه سامان است و این موضوع، ناشی از همنشینی ناهمگون و نامتجانس کالبد (فرم، شکل، نما)، فعالیت و فضا (اتفاقات درون شهر) در مقیاسی کلی و در مقیاس‌های خردتر، ناشی از عدم هماهنگی و تناسب در ترکیب عناصر (اجزا و ارکان) بناهایی است که در کنار یکدیگر شکل گرفته‌اند و به نمای شهری شکل داده‌اند. فراموشی جداره و نمای ساختمان‌ها و شهر به‌عنوان عضوی از منظر بصری شهر، تلقی و طراحی جداره خارجی ساختمان به‌عنوان سطح صاف و یکدست به همراه برخی الحاقات تزیینی، نادیده گرفتن و عدم شناخت عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده آن و غیره از دلایل ظهور مسأله مذکور است. عناصر و اجزایی که با نادیده گرفتنشان، کیفیت بصری و زیباشناسانه جداره‌ها و نماهای ساختمان‌ها و از آن ره، نمای شهری از بین رفته و تا حد سطحی منبعث از طراحی عملکردی داخل ساختمان تنزل کرده است. در این نوشتار به روش توصیفی و با استنتاج نتایج کاربردی، با هدف بازیابی و معرفی نقش هریک از اجزای متشکله نما و جداره ساختمان و شهر، بر پایه مرور متون و اسناد مرتبط در این زمینه، به بررسی آراء و نظرات صاحب‌نظران پرداخته شده است. پس از این بررسی، نتایج پژوهش، به صورت برآیندی از تمام نظرات مطرح شده، در قالب چارچوبی برای شناسایی عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده نمای ساختمان و شهر ارائه شده‌است.}, keywords_fa = {نمای ساختمان,جداره شهری,عناصر نما}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58605.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58605_ab9c9282838eceade4a74f836be81777.pdf} } @article { author = {Alimardani, Masud and Mohammadi, Maryam and zibaee Farimani, nikoo}, title = {The Effect of Place Attachment- Walking- on Health Issue at Neighborhood Level, Case Study: Motahary Neighborhood in Mashhad City}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {193-204}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Growing urbanization in recent decades has caused new challenges in the contemporary cities. Because of the extent of urban issues and the complexity of them, we have to solve them in a sustainable way. These days with the emphasis on urban planning, design and management are less prior and tangible aspects of urban life are more important than before such as many researches and many studies which start designing and planning from the smallest unit in urbanization (neighborhoods). From the public health point of view focusing on neighborhood-scale because of social factors is considered as an important issue. Walking is considered as the most important part of physical activity and it causes improving health condition among society. Urban planning and designing can help us to have better urban space which has positive effects on walking. The main aim of this essay is improving public health throughout walking. Therefore, studying place attachment as an important factor which is related to places where people live and walk can help to reach to some indexes which are helpful for designer and planner to design walkable spaces. Therefore what has been investigated in this study, at the first place is whether the sense of attachment to the place at district level (in the Motahari neighbor) has correlation with the amount of walking? Or if this sense has a relationship with individual purpose of people for walking (optional or mandatory Walking)? After that indexes of sense of place attachment and their relation with walking will be examined. The research method is based on questionnaire and for analyzing data SPSS software has been used. 200 people who live in Motahary neighborhood were asked to participate in this study. The findings of this study can help designers and urban planners to make better decisions to improve health in urban areas by increasing the amount of walking especially optional walking. Analysis of data from questionnaires present here in three parts.A) Descriptive statistics of walking in the neighborhoodB: Analysis correlation between sense of place attachment and walkingC: Checking correlation between indexes of place attachment and Optional walkingStudies show that 70% of respondents’ only physical activity is walking. The issue represents the importance of walking as the most important part of physical activity. A closer look to this amounts and comparing them to the amount of walking which is suggested by World Health Organization shows that 50% of respondents walk in their neighborhood more than 150 minutes a week (amount of walking which is recommended by World Health Organization). However, only 27% of people walk 300 minutes or more per a week ((amount of walking which is recommended for reaching higher level of health by World Health Organization). Studying correlation between the sense of place attachment and walking purpose shows a significant relationship between this two. This means that by increasing sense of place attachment the amount of optional walking in this neighborhood is increasing. When optional activities carried out, it will certainly have greater positive impact on human health. Therefore, paying more attention to the indexes which are related to sense of place attachment, is very important. The priority of this indexes will be shown below. • Age with the adaptive coefficient of 0,440• Job with the adaptive coefficient of 0,351• Neighborhood beauty with adaptive coefficient of 0,372• Social interaction and satisfaction with the underlying position of neighborhoods with adaptive coefficient of 0,341• Educational level with adaptive coefficient of 0,336.• Available Facilities with adaptive coefficient of 0,319• Maintenance of urban spaces with adaptive coefficient of 0.302• Sex with adaptive coefficient of 0,296• The period of residence in the neighborhood with adaptive coefficient of 0,250The results show that the design indexes in this regard which are very important and should be considered by designers in neighborhood (In this study Motahary neighbor) include attention to beauty (design neighbor with better beauty aspects), creating a platform for social interaction, attention to the available facilities for residents as well as attention to the maintenance of urban spaces (which should be considered by city managers and the public policy as well). Other indexes, such as gender, education, etc., and totally individual components of the overall index, also have indirect and direct effects and they are better to be considered in design.}, keywords = {Walking,Health,Place Attachment and Neighborhood}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه حس دلبستگی به مکان و پیاده روی به منظور بهبود سطح سلامت در محله، نمونه موردی: محله مطهری شهر مشهد}, abstract_fa = {پیاده روی به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین بخش فعالیت بدنی در بهبود سطح سلامت تأثیرگذار است. برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی درست و هدفمند می‌تواند به این مهم کمک نماید. این نوع برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی عمدتاً در سطح محله مطرح می‌شوند. حس دلبستگی فرد به مکان زندگی به‌عنوان موضوعی مهم و مورد پذیرش اکثر متخصصین می‌تواند بر پیاده‌روی ساکنین در سطح محله تأثیرگذار باشد. بررسی این رابطه و تحلیل آن هدف این مقاله می‌باشد. در این نوشتار به‌دلیل سنجش ارتباط و تعامل عاطفی مثبت انسان با مکان در واقع حس دلبستگی به مکان که یکی از مفاهیم حس مکان است، بررسی می شود. به‌منظور کشف روابط همبستگی میان متغیرها در این پژوهش از شیوه پرسش‌گری استفاده شده است. لذا نمونه ای 200 نفری از ساکنین محله مطهری شهر مشهد به شیوه نمونه‌گیری تصادفی انتخاب شده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته‌اند. نتایج تحلیل پرسش‌نامه ها نشان می‌دهد، میان میزان پیاده‌روی و حس دلبستگی به مکان ساکنین محله رابطه معنی‌داری موجود نیست در صورتی که میان هدف از پیاده‌روی و حس دلبستگی به مکان رابطه معنی‌دار موجود است. این موضوع به این معنی است که هر چه فرد حس دلبستگی بیشتری نسبت به محله خود داشته باشد به میزان بیشتری به صورت اختیاری در سطح محله پیاده‌روی انجام می‌دهد. لذا حس دلبستگی به مکان عامل مهمی در طراحی یک محیط است. شناسایی شاخص‌های مرتبط با حس دلبستگی مکان در ارتباط با پیاده‌روی به طراحان در طراحی محله کمک می‌نماید.}, keywords_fa = {پیاده‌روی,سلامت,حس دلبستگی به مکان,محله}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58608.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58608_5a34beec01153aa67c6271f721501674.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimi Moshaver, Mehrdad and Sina, Shabnam}, title = {Promoting Urban Area Quality by Taking Benefit from Color Indicator, Case Study: Imam Khomeini (PBUH) Square in Tehran}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {205-216}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Color contributes to our everyday experience. The foundations for human life emerge in the places which are in parallel with architecture and urban development. Urban spaces are the most important factor and foundation for human impression. The space occupied by humans comes into existence with various forms of different colors viewed by the eyes. The colors used in architecture and urban spaces such as houses, workplaces, schools, different rooms of a building, interior and exterior views and urban furniture have diverse fundamental impacts on humans. Color in an urban environment is a function of the paint and other used coverings and the effect of surface colour is explored in this paper. The color as an element is unique and understanding its properties, characteristics and effects on humans is a way toward creation of pleasant urban environments and spaces. This becomes more important when modern cities are in color chaos. Bringing buildings together in an unpleasant way, using heterogeneous colors, and loss of attention to the psychological properties of colors have developed a space in cities which is in contradiction to the human spirit and there is no calmness and peace in them. As one of the most important visual elements, color is able to play an active and effective role in the general view of an urban area. However, unfortunately, due to the lack of consideration and unregulated handling of this issue, color cannot only be helpful in urban areas in our cities, but also in turn it becomes a turbulent factor. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to explicate the importance of color and how it is perceived by people. We want to figure it out how the concepts of color, impressive factors and other components affect color at different parts of the city and urban space and how its importance is understood by people by means of mental quality in the environment. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role and importance of color in public areas and discuss how people understand the color of these spaces as well as exploring how cities can use color in the hardscape of outdoor public spaces to enhance functionality and human experience. In consequence this essay is an attempt to explain the importance of color and the way we can use it in cities. This project adopts “descriptive analytical”, “review of literature” and library research methods as well as case studies, observations and data collection using field techniques. Based on the fact that mental quality components are directly correlated with the public understanding on color in urban areas, a questionnaire was drawn up by using Likert Range concerning the relationship of these components and its relation with the color and its indicators. The questionnaire was provided to 329 participants- residents, pedestrians, businessmen and users of Imam Khomeini Square - and eventually SPSS software was used for data analysis. The research findings suggest that the important point is that at any places, there are suitable samples in terms of color attributes and qualities which can be applied as a familiar model to the people’s mind in that specific area for new designs. Eventually, people’s level of satisfaction on the manner of using color in Imam Khomeini (PBUH) Square (Except Toupkhaneh), as one of the main and crowded area in the city was studied. The results indicate that people are satisfied with the arrangement and the dominant colors used in the square’s surrounding buildings facades and their immediate domains (beige, white, and grey), while they state that their dissatisfaction with the color-oriented turbulence emerged due to the unregulated handling regarding the method of installing and painting the shops signage and failure to use the paint and constructional materials correctly in flooring and furniture. Some issues in this regard are concerned to choose color organization, describe the shared information and knowledge and evaluate the consistence of color projects. This research investigates color by insisting on Mental Components of Environment Quality and variety of color in the city. Final aim of this research is releasing from monotony sceneries and obtaining variable and suitable environments through insisting on public partnership, paying specific attention to interest and perceive of people from their life. It should be noted that backgrounds of this research was selected according to specific time of this study and its conditions, urban square and limitation of case study: Tehran city. It is also valuable because it allows architects, urban designers and urban planners to consider how the positive attributes of color can be better incorporation into design and in order to improve cities, urban spaces and human experience.}, keywords = {Color,Area Quality,Mental Components,Environment Quality,Urban Space,Imam Khomeini (PBUH) Square}, title_fa = {ارتقاء کیفیت محیط شهری با استفاده از شاخص رنگ، نمونه موردی: میدان امام خمینی (ره) (توپخانه) تهران}, abstract_fa = {فضای شهری به‌عنوان فضایی که انسان را در برگرفته، مهم‌ترین عامل و بستری برای تأثیرپذیری روی انسان‌ها است. رنگ‌هایی که در فضاهای معماری و شهری از قبیل بناها، نمای بیرونی و درونی و مبلمان شهری قرار دارند، جلوه‌های گوناگونی از رنگ‌ها را ایجاد و تأثیرات بنیادین و گوناگونی بر انسان م‌ی‌گذارند. عنصر رنگ از عناصر ویژه‌ای است که شناخت ویژگی‌ها، خصوصیات و تأثیرات آن بر انسان، راهی برای خلق محیط‌ها و فضاها ی شهری دلپذیر است. این مسأله زمانی اهمیت بیشتری می‌یابد که با در کنار هم قرار گرفتن نا هماهنگ بناها، برخورد سلیقه‌ای به این مقوله، استفاده از رنگ‌های ناموزون و عدم توجه به ویژگی‌های روانشناختی رنگ‌ها، فضاهایی را در شهرها ایجاد کرده است که نه تنها رنگ در شهرهای ما یاری رسان فضاهایمان نیست، بلکه خود به عاملی اغتشاش‌زا تبدیل شده است. هدف از این نوشتار واکاوی نقش و اهمیت رنگ در فضاهای عمومی جهت سنجش سطح رضایتمندی مردم از وضعیت رنگی این فضاهاست. با توجه به ای نکه مؤلفه‌های ذهنی کیفیت محیط رابطه مستقیمی با ادراک مردم از رنگ در فضاهای شهری دارند، پرسشنامه‌ای که توسط طیف لیکرات در راستای ارتباط این مؤلفه‌ها و ارتباطش با رنگ و شاخص‌های آن، تنظیم و در اختیار 329 نفر شرکت‌کننده قرارگرفته شد، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و در نهایت در تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شد. درنتیجه میزان رضایتمندی مردم از چگونگی به‌کارگیری رنگ در فضای میدان امام خمینی (توپخانه)، به‌عنوان یکی از نقاط کلیدی و پرتردد شهر، موردبررسی قرار گرفت که این نتایج نشان می‌دهند که مردم از هماهنگی رنگ‌های غالب به‌کار رفته در نمای ساختمان‌های اطراف میدان و حوزه بلافصل آن (کرم، سفید و طوسی) رضایت دارند ولی از اغتشاش رنگی ایجاد شده به علت برخورد سلیقه‌ای در نحوه نصب و رنگ تابلو مغازه‌ها و عدم استفاده درست از رنگ و مصالح در کف‌سازی و مبلمان اظهار نارضایتی می‌کنند.}, keywords_fa = {رنگ,کیفیت محیطی,مؤلفه‌های ذهنی کیفیت محیط,فضای شهری,میدان امام‌خمینی (توپخانه)}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58609.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58609_52590c9dd01f690b76df4d2e9925496e.pdf} } @article { author = {Movaghar, HamidReza and Pourjafar, Mohammadreza and Ranjbar, Ehsan and Nasri, Seyed Reza}, title = {Identifying Factors Affecting on the Formation, Content and Nature of Local Squares in the Old Town of Nayin, Iran}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {217-229}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Rich Content of traditional and historical urban spaces provides an appropriate context for retraining different aspects of urban design. Based on the gradual evolution proportional with time, concepts and analytical techniques in knowledge of urban design, the aspects embedded in the design of the ancient cities of Iran can be sought. Focusing on this subject, the historical context of Nayin city, as one of valuable examples of urban design in center of Iran based on retention of the original structure of main squares, provides suitable context for identifying factors and forces influencing the formation, content, and nature of Small Mahhalahs’ Squares. These spaces had been social context of neighbors and manifestation place of their cultural and religious believes, and today stability of this role can be observed. The old part of Nayin consists of seven neighborhoods that each one has a local square. According to physical and documentary evidence, the city’s history dates back to the era of pre-Islam. The new growth of the city has attracted the population of the ancient regions and has been separated from the legacy of the ancient regions, so, new developments have failed to responsive some of the needs of residents and citizens turn to neighborhoods and historical context to meet these needs, in such a way that ritual ceremonies with special characteristics are quite commonplace by residents of the new ranges in ancient areas. This reflects the spirit of the space, which has created a special relationship between people, sustainable values and urban spaces. This rich and valuable field is a good platform for recognizing the principles of designing urban spaces in Iran. Research Method based on interpretive-historical research is content analysis and a kind of phenomenology of urban space. To achieve the objectives of research, first the effective factors and forces were determined as principal spatial component and then analyzed. The creativity of the research is hidden in the research method where the factors for analysis have been derived from the context of study. It means that there is no fixed framework for analysis of urban spaces content and we should find logical ways to produce a valid analytical framework. In other word, we should introduce different methodology in each context. The factors for analysis in the research have been identified through different methods:                                                                                                                  - Deep observation during two years according to active present in the special period of religious ceremonies in the local square of Nayin old town                                                                                                                                            -Content analysis of historical and contemporary documents about Nayin old town                                                        - Discovering oral memory through interviews with old people who were over sixty years old to find hidden values of local squares in old town of Nayin Based on this methodological point of view the factors for analysis identified as historical-temporal dimensions, physical dimensions, social values, management dimensions, visual dimensions and activities. According to the special framework of study the results of the research demonstrate these findings: Following the changes of government religious idea in the Safavid period toward Shia faith new spatial needs for religious ceremonies like The Decade of Muharram, squares were built on the main roads of neighborhoods. These changes have led to introduce new religious spaces with the name of Husseiniyah which is the main space of squares. Each square has Husseiniyah and mosque but Husseiniyah is more important. That’s why square and Husseiniyah have the same name. Despite the organic form of the old town, squares are completely regular and geometric to create a contrast with the urban spaces around them. Quantitative analysis shows that the H/W enclosure ratio is varying from 1/2 to 1/4. The number of entrances is related to the area of the squares. The average distance of houses from the squares is 131 meters and the maximum is 229 meters. From management point view, people are participating in renovation of public buildings and infrastructures of squares. Also they are preparing all the supports for religious ceremonies in the squares. Visual Analysis in squares introduces special elements like water, Nakhl and dome, etc. as religious symbols of Shia. Analysis of activity in the squares presents the collective memory deriving from social and religious values. In spite of deteriorated areas in the old town, squares are alive because of such religious ceremonies. In a holistic view, social values and customs are key concepts affecting on different dimensions in the squares. In other word, social sustainability based on religious values and ceremonies have preserved the identity of squares in Nayin old town.}, keywords = {Nayin Old Town,Religious Ceremonies,Local Squares,Social Values,Mahhalah}, title_fa = {شناسایی عوامل و نیروهای مؤثر در شکل‌گیری، محتوا و ماهیت میدانچه‌های محلی در بافت تاریخی شهر نائین}, abstract_fa = {محتوای غنی فضاهای شهری سنتی و تاریخی در ایران، زمینه مناسبی را جهت بازآموزی در ابعاد مختلف طراحی شهری فراهم می‌آورد. مبتنی بر تحول تدریجی و متناسب با زمان مفاهیم و روش‌های تحلیلی، در دانش طراحی شهری، می‌توان ابعاد نهفته در طراحی شهرهای کهن ایران را جستجو کرد. با تکیه بر این موضوع، بافت تاریخی شهر نائین و میدانچه‌های آن، به‌عنوان یکی از نمونه‌های ارزشمند و پابرجای طراحی شهری در مرکز ایران، می‌تواند نمونه موردی مناسبی را جهت شناسایی عوامل و نیروهای مؤثر در شک‌ل‌گیری، محتوا و ماهیت میدانچه‌های محلی ارائه دهد. این فضاها بستر زندگی اجتماعی هم‌محله‌ای‌ها و مکان تجلی باورهای فرهنگی و مذهبی آن‌ها بوده و هستند. روش پژوهش مبتنی بر تحقیق تفسیری- تاریخی، تحلیل محتوا و نوعی پدیدارشناسی فضای شهری است. برای دستیابی به اهداف این پژوهش ابتدا عوامل و نیروهای مؤثر در قالب مؤلفه‌های اصلی فضایی تعیین و سپس مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گرفته اند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که ضمن تاثیر متقابل مؤلفه‌های مؤثر در این فضاها، مؤلفه آداب و رسوم و ارزش‌های اجتماعی دارای نقش محوری‌تری بوده است، به نحوی که تأثیر بارز آن را می‌توان بر روی سایر عوامل مشاهده کرد. همچنین به‌دلیل خصلت پایدار ارزش‌های اجتماعی، این فضاها همچنان عملکرد گذشته خود را حفظ کرده و به‌عنوان قلب تپنده نایین و یکی از مهمترین فضاهای شهری آن عمل می‌کنند.}, keywords_fa = {بافت تاریخی نایین,میدانچه محلی,ارزش های اجتماعی,محتوی میدان,مراسم آیینی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58610.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58610_b3781aaaa42e4397944dfed074acebcc.pdf} } @article { author = {nasr, tahereh}, title = {Explanation of Components of the Physical Identity of Iranian Traditional Cities}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {231-246}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Identity of the city and its advantages can be found over time. Constructive elements of form, composition and method of operating time enable everyone to associate a meaning, enhancing the ability to create a mental image, a sense of place and urban identity. So characteristic of the city can create a mental image in the minds of its citizens. Consideration is what is common between both cities. Characteristics of urban identity is based on the natural, synthetic and human cities’ characteristics. So, the image in people minds might be the same from what is expected from the spatial organization of the city. Image of the city, including the degree of perception and recognition, links the city’s elements as well as the city and the its events, places and times with non-spatial concepts and values. Some factors affecting the design of components and urban forms are including culture, religion, construction methods and materials, the aesthetic concepts or residential treatment. These factors, alone or in combination with appropriate priorities can influence urban and architecture design. Every space, more or less, has an identity and the ultimate identity of the space is the subsequent of its functional, physical, environmental, cultural and semantic identities. This makes it possible to distinguish the Iranian urban space from urban spaces of other nations by determination of the identity characteristics of each kind of space. Unfortunately, today many cities have no identity, in the sense that if the environmental features of a city have many commonalities with those of another city, the two cities are said to have the same identity. Such a shared identity would be unfavorable. It is also possible that a city with its unique geographical, cultural, social, economic, political, and physical characteristics is environmentally responsive while another city with the same identity is found to have different geographical, cultural, social, economic, political, and physical characteristics. Therefore, it can be said that the latter suffers from the identity crisis since its physical characteristics are not compatible with its underlying shaping components. The purpose of this paper is to explain components of the physical identity of Iranian traditional cities. Therefore the “model of the urban form components” in four Iranian traditional cities -Shiraz, Isfahan, Yazd and Bushehr- will be put into the test. Selecting these cities is because of their historical context, their historical value and the city values. Research Results:• Expression of Natural, Synthetic and Human Components of Physical Identity of City:In general, the natural, synthetic or human components form the physical identity of cities. Natural structural components include geographic coordinates, climate, vegetation, soil variability, water route and … form the natural identity of the cities. Synthetic components include the totality of urban forms, structures of the cities, the most important indicators of cities (squares, gates, markets, palaces and important buildings of the cities) and urban mass (old districts). The human components include lineage and ancestry, the situation of religion, customs and dialects.                                                 • Expression of Components of Townscape, Urban Image, Urban Form and Urban Sense:                                           The Image of traditional Iranian cities includes townscape, urban image, urban form and urban sense. The overall affects that observer from various cities in mind, landmarks, paths, edges, nodes, districts, facades and urban spaces are substantial. Each of these items can vary in different cities. The sense of the city includes people and their activities, physical characteristics and sounds of the city or town smells. This research’s method explored in the Iranian cities is a descriptive - analytical and field method to gather information and documents are available. Therefore, to establish the formal identity of the cities may be introduced in the following:                                                            1. Physical factors affecting identity formation Iranian city is formulated.                                                                     2. Knowledge, understanding and skeletal structure of cities and efforts to preserve, regeneration and update them to safeguard the values inherent in contemporary cities. The results show that there are elements of cultural, political, economic and climate in the Identity of Iranian cities. In other words, the formation of many Iranian cities has been caused by these factors. So it can be stated:                                                                                                      1. Politics impacts on the identity formation in Isfahan.                                                                                                2. Culture impacts on the identity formation in Shiraz.                                                                                                3. Economic impacts on the identity formation in Bushehr.                                                                                          4. Climate impacts on identity formation in Yazd.                                                                                          Noteworthy is that lack of understanding and structure of traditional cities creates great harm to them. Moreover, efforts to preserve and restore the values of sustainable development in Iran has had a positive impact on traditional urban patterns. Components of identity and its impact on the city are significant as a prelude to understanding urban planners and those involved in the construction of cities.}, keywords = {Urban Form,Environmental Perception,Identity,Physical Identity Components in Iranian Cities}, title_fa = {تبیین مؤلفه‌های هویت کالبدی شهر سنتی ایرانی}, abstract_fa = {هویت هر شهر را ویژگی‌ها و امتیازات آن شهر در دوره‌ای نسبت به دوره پیش مشخص می‌سازد. اجزا و عناصر سازنده شکل شهر، نحوه ترکیب آن‌ها و عامل زمان، همگی دارای قابلیت تداعی معنا، بالا بردن قابلیت ایجاد تصویر ذهنی، ایجاد حس مکان و هویت شهری هستند. آنچه قابل تأمل است وجوه اشتراک و تمایز شهرها با هم است. صفات هویتی شهر بر صفات هویتی طبیعی، مصنوعی و انسانی شهر مستقر است. لذا آنچه به‌عنوان تصویر در ذهن مردم متصور است، ناشی از سازمان فضایی شهر است. همچنین، عملکردهایی را در مقاطع زمانی مختلف می‌توان برای هر فضا تعریف کرد که با استناد به آن‌ها، تعریف شقوق مختلف هویت فضاهای شهری ایرانی (هویت کالبدی، هویت معنایی و هویت عملکردی) امکان‌پذیر می‌شود. برای این منظور باید دید تحولات هر دوره چگونه و تا چه حد بوده است. عناصر طبیعی، کالبدهای مصنوعی، ترکیب اقوام و نظام‌های سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و حوادث تاریخی موضوعاتی هستند که بررسی تطبیقی آن‌ها در دوره‌های مختلف سبب شناسایی تمایزات هر دوره تاریخی از دوره دیگر شده و هویت شکلی آن شهر را سبب می‌شود. بنابراین نکته قابل تأمل این است که هویت تنها یک صفت نیست و مفهومی بیش از صفت را دارا است. هدف از این نوشتار تبیین مؤلفه‌های هویت‌بخش به شکل شهر ایرانی است. لذا مدل «مؤلفه‌های مؤثر در کالبد شهر » در چهار شهر ایرانی شیراز، اصفهان، یزد و بوشهر به آزمون گذاشته می‌شود. علت انتخاب این شهرها، وجود بافت تاریخی، ارزش تاریخی و شهری آن‌ها است. روش تحقیق با توجه به کنکاش در شکل شهر ایرانی به‌صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی و روش جمع آوری اطلاعات به صورت میدانی و اسنادی می‌باشد. نتایج حاصل حاکی از وجود مؤلفه‌های فرهنگی، سیاسی، اقلیمی و اقتصادی در شکل شهر سنتی ایرانی می باشد و در شهر اصفهان سیاست، شیراز فرهنگ، بوشهر اقتصاد و یزد اقلیم بر هویت کالبدی شهر دارای تأثیر بیشتری بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {شکل شهر,ادراک محیطی,هویت,هویت کالبدی شهر ایرانی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58613.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58613_e251d52862b9b6d0b332f8c864e09472.pdf} } @article { author = {Nazarpoor, Mohammad Taghi and Saadati Vaghar, Pooria and Heidari, Ahmad}, title = {Development of Dormitory Physics Regarding to the Sociability by Using Space Syntax Methodology, Case Study: Hakim Sabzevari Dormitory in Sabzevar University}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {247-265}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Sociability is a spatial quality that gathers people together. The notion of sociability is related to establishing desirable interpersonal and collective relationships as well as opportunities for social interaction in public environments. Due to the growing student population in recent years (with a high percentage of them being non-indigenous students), attention to collective living in the community is more important than the past. In the psychology of the environment, emphasis is placed on how human behavior is influenced by the environment. The subject of the strangeness of the environment is very important in students living at the dormitories due to the large number of users and the repetition of their bodies. In most of these places, brigade plans that are alien to their users’ morale, are not often suitable to be used by the dormitory. Hence, in most of these dormitories, there is lack of proper physical environment that enhances the spirit of socialization among students. Functional, physical and social-psychological characteristics of the user factors stand in a significant relationship with the design of the studential dormitory. This study has addressed this issue by concentrating on Physical factors adjustment of studential dormitory through space syntax by improving physical factors such as: finding ways, orientation, visibility, user’s requirements and legibility of space which are important in sociability of studential dormitory. For this purpose, two studential dormitory at Sabzevar University that have a linear and central layout are explored .Our hypothesis is that suitable spatial configuration have a significant role in sociability of students at the dormitory. According to the existing experimental literature, spatial configuration is explored by use of main indicators of space syntax. In line with the theory of natural movement, the indicators that relate the space syntax method to behavioral and social patterns show the relation between sociability and space configuration. This method is used to predict and analyze the social behavior of users in the experimental background. The literature and theoretical foundations of this research is analytical method and the following results were expressed through logical reasoning. The maps of both dormitories were provided in the Auto Cad program; the created file was saved with the Dxf suffix and analyzed in the Ucl Depth Map software. In this regard, first, identifying the weaknesses in the original design after the initial analysis of the plans in the space syntax approach was done, and then, by making changes in them (A brief change that does not involve structural intervention and is aimed at improving indicators in the weaknesses of the plan), the above mentioned items were analyzed and compared with the results of the main plan. This process that seems to be able to use the space syntax to achieve an optimal plan that enhances the collective life of these sites (prior to enforcement and cost). In order to measure the components of research in the theory of natural movement, the space syntax method and its software (Ucl depth map), four approaches of this software analysis (Measuring social behavior patterns approaches) and indicators of connectivity, integration, and depth were used in order to measurement of notions that have significant effects on the presence and movement of people in space and socio-behavioural activities in result. These notions are:1-space integration analysis 2-oriantability analysis(depth) 3-axial analysis 4-agent based modeling 5-intelligibility 6-isovist analysis. The purpose of this research is to identify the most cost-effective physical activities that affect the socialization in dormitories before any financial and functional activities. Tools such as observation, interviews, grabbed axes and mapping were used in order to navigate environment. The results of four approaches -axial, convex, isovist, agent based- are reviewed and compared in order to more comprehensive results. Research findings suggest that using the space syntax approach, without interfering in the structural system and only with minor modifications in the interior walls, makes it possible to improve the path finding, orientation, access, user vision and readability in studential dormitories. This, by referring to the theory of natural motion upgrade, provides the abovementioned enhancements to the presence and movement of users in space; presence and movement, which are the primary and basic conditions for the social interaction of users. Thus improving these factors provides a suitable basis for promoting social interactions in studential dormitories. The results also show that by applying physical changes all mentioned indicators and related notions improve. Thereby creating a more integrated, intelligible, accessible, and vast view is important while the depth point factor is decreased. It means that the new changes decrease the students’ changes in crossing. These factors have significant role in attracting people to physical environment, more visit possibility and the environment socialization in result.}, keywords = {Sociopetality,Physics Improvement,Student Dormitory,Space Syntax}, title_fa = {بهبود کالبد سکونتگاه‌های دانشجویی در جهت افزایش اجتماع‌پذیری با تکیه بر روش نحو فضا، نمونه‌موردی: خوابگاه دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار}, abstract_fa = {در طراحی فضاهای خوابگاهی اجتماع‌پذیر عوامل کالبدی، کارکردی و ویژگی‌های اجتماعی- روانی کاربران فضا نقش دارند. پژوهش حاضر با تمرکز بر اصلاح کالبد از طریق نحو فضا و ارتقاء عوامل کالبدی و بهبود فاکتورهایی نظیر راه‌یابی، جهت‌گیری، دید مورد نیاز کاربر و خوانایی فضا، درصدد ارائه راهکارهایی به‌منظور ایجاد سکونتگاه‌های دانشجویی اجتماع‌پذیرتر می‌باشد. به‌همین منظور دو مورد از خوابگاه‌های دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری سبزوار که از چیدمان خطی و حیاط مرکزی برخوردارند، با فرض بر این که پیکره‌بندی کالبدی- فضایی مناسب خوابگاه دانشجویی نقش به‌سزایی در ارتقاء اجتماع‌پذیری این اماکن دارد، مورد کنکاش قرار گرفتند. با استناد به پیشینه تجربی موجود، پیکره‌بندی فضایی از طریق سه شاخص اتصال، هم‌پیوندی،عمق فضا و شاخص ترکیبی خوانایی در قالب سه رویکرد محوری، محدب و میدان دید مورد سنجش قرار گرفت، به‌علاوه رویکرد عامل اساس در روش چیدمان فضا به‌عنوان رویکردی کمکی به‌منظور جامعیت بیشتر به نتایج پژوهش به‌کار رفت. شاخص‌های نام‌برده، در راستای نظریه حرکت طبیعی، روش چیدمان فضا (تحلیل روابط بین فضاها) را به الگوهای رفتاری و اجتماعی کاربران ربط می‌دهد که نشان از فصل مشترک هر دو مقوله اجتماع‌پذیری و پیکره‌بندی فضایی می باشد، همان طور که در پیشینه تجربی موجود نیز از این روش و نظریه به‌منظور پیش‌بینی و تحلیل رفتارهای اجتماعی کاربران بهره گرفته شده است. در واقع رویکرد پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی کم هزینه‌ترین اقدامات کالبدی- فضایی مؤثر بر اجتماع پذیری در خوابگاه‌های دانشجویی، پیش از هر اقدام عملی و سرمایه‌گذاری می باشد.}, keywords_fa = {اجتماع‌پذیری,بهبود کالبد,خوابگاه دانشجویی,نحو فضا}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58618.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58618_5ac81ae472f71a3e83ec94a019631114.pdf} } @article { author = {Afsari, Ahmad and Saeideh Zarabadi, Zahra Sadat}, title = {An Analysis and Assessment of the Suitability of Land-use by Community VizTM Planning Support System, Case Study: Fayzabad City, Khorasan Razavi Province}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {267-279}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of land. Land is the most important physical environment for supplying people’s welfare demands, which is at the same time the most valuable source of wealth. Land-use suitability analysis is one of the basic approaches in urban planning which can develop an optimized analysis of various land-uses through assessment, identification, and categorization of different land-uses into different categories. Analysis of the suitability of land-use has been employed in different scopes so far, including the analysis with an ecological approach to determine the suitability of land-use for special plant and animal species, agricultural activities, evaluation of environmental effects, and regional planning. The diversity of suitability of land-use in different studies is due to various definitions of land-use and its variable applications in different scientific scopes. Assessment of the suitability of land-use is one of the essential planning approaches which reduces conflicts in planning by choosing the best use, among the competing uses, for a piece of land. Suitability analysis of land use is a comprehensive application of ecology, earth science, system science, environmental science and computer science to analyze land development and utilization suitability for seeking the best pattern and planning of land use. Hence, identification of land-uses with low-suitability can enable us to provide necessary strategies and suggestions to improve the current situation and take effective actions to improve the suitability of land-uses throughout the city. The core of land use planning is the land suitability for a given utilization; therefore, it is necessary to evaluate land suitability. Land evaluation is the assessment process of land performance for specific purposes. This is a complex and multi-dimensional process, in which a large amount of variables must be simultaneously considered and decisions be made based on the value and weight of each of them. With so much technological advances today, it is now possible to process large amounts of variables in planning and decision making processes. In this regard, Community VizTM planning support system is an effective tool which momentarily identifies the most suitable lands for any land-use through processing various parameters to help planners in policy making or distinguishing positive consequences and provide participation. Community Viz is an ArcView GIs-based decision support system for community planning and design applications. The software is unique in fully integrating the words, numbers, maps, and images that planners and designers traditionally use for planning purposes into one, real-time, multidimensional environment. Research methodology is a descriptive-analytic method, and an applied study in terms of purpose. The descriptive-analytic method is based on the definition and description of basic concepts and the factors affecting the studied topic. In this methodology, it is attempted to decompose the topic, with a logical process, into its components, and identify the factors affecting the suitability of land-use. Finally, by analyzing these factors and their effects, the suitability of land-use with different classes is presented by Community VizTM Planning Support System. Information related to the selected indices of this research is elicited from the information available in the comprehensive plan. To do so, variables such as soil physical properties, land size and dimensions, topographical features, slope, ruggedness, and fault and earthquake risk rate, are used. After classifying different uses and preparing the layers of the analysis of the suitability of land use, several main classes are first taken into account and some indices are allocated to each class to determine the suitability of land use; then, the weight, importance factor, and rate of each index are explained through a questionnaire filled out by urban experts and authorities. Afterwards, the process of analyzing the suitability of land-use is started using Community VizTM at the developable area, separatedly for each land-use. Ultimately, the final map of suitability obtained for each use is illustrated. The method in this applied research is descriptive-analytic. The results of the analyses by Community VizTM Planning Support System shows that nearly 4.2 hectares (%2.5) of the current land-uses in the city of Fayzabad have less than 30% suitability, which can help decision-making and decision-makers to set effective policies, if provided to them. Moreover, as the research results show, more than 80% of available land-uses have a suitability level above the medium. Accordingly, the location uses has a suitability less than 30% are in a critical status, and these land-uses should be amended. Therefore, they can be either improved by applying executive solutions, or considered as vacant lands and utilized in the layer of development potentiality in urban development plans for allocation of land-uses. }, keywords = {Land-use,Suitability Analysis,Planning Support System,Community Viztm}, title_fa = {تحلیل و سنجش تناسب کاربری زمین با استفاده از سیستم پشتیبان ،"Community Vizᵀᴹ"، نمونه موردی: شهر فیض آباد استان خراسان رضوی}, abstract_fa = {تحلیل تناسب کاربری زمین یکی از رویکردهای اساسی در برنامه ریزی است. این فرآیند دارای روند پیچیده و چندبعدی است و باید در آن ب هطور هم زمان حجم انبوهی از متغیرها درنظر گرفته شود. امروزه با پیشرفت های اخیر در زمینه های تکنولوژی فرصت های زیادی برای پردازش حجم انبوه داده ها در فرآیندهای برنامه ریزی و تصمی مگیری فراهم آمده است. روش های مبتنی بر سامانه اطلاعات مکانی و سیستم های پشتیبان برنامه ریزی، ابزارهای سودمندی برای این منظور به شمار می آیند. در پژوهش حاضر با تلفیق قابلیت های GIS با سیستم پشتیبان برنامه ریزی Community Vizᵀᴹ روشی  به منظور ارزیابی تناسب اراضی شهری برای کاربری ها ارائه شده است. این سیستم نیز به عنوان یکی از این ابزارهای کارآمد می تواند با لحاظ کردن تعداد زیادی از شاخص های گوناگون، مطلوب ترین زمین ها را برای هر نوع کاربری به صورت لحظه ای، به برنامه ریزان در شناخت آثار مفید یا سیاست گذاری ها کمک نماید و امکان مشارکت را نیز فراهم سازد. فرآیند کلی ارزیابی تناسب کاربری زمین با سیستم پشتیبان برنامه ریزی Community Vizᵀᴹ شامل انتخاب معیارهای مؤثر، تعیین میزان اهمیت و وزن هر معیار، تهیه و تولید نقشه های معیار در محیط GIS و در نهایت تلفیق نقشه های معیار  و محاسبه مقدار تناسب هر قطعه زمین برای کاربری تعیین شده مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفته است. در این تحقیق، شهر فیض آباد واقع در خراسان رضوی به عنوان نمونه موردی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل ها نشان می دهد حدود 4/2 هکتار معادل 2/5 درصد از کاربری های موجود با نسبت تناسب پایین و کمتر از 30 درصد می باشند که با ارائه آن ها امکان اتخاذ سیاست های کارا توسط تصمیم سازان و تصمی مگیران شهری را فراهم خواهد آورد.}, keywords_fa = {کاربری زمین,تحلیل تناسب,سیستم پشتیبان برنامه ریزی,.Community Vizᵀᴹ}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59791.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59791_0e00e8eae76fe10e93e827b18911f68a.pdf} } @article { author = {Afandizadeh, Shahryar and Seyedhosseini, Seyed Mohammad and Selahvarzi, Amir Hossein}, title = {The Evaluation of Productivity and Efficiency of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Tehran, Using Data Envelopment Analysis Method}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {281-289}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Intelligent transportation systems can be effective in achieving all the goals of the Tehran city comprehensive transportation and urban traffic plan. In order to obtain the most out of this potential, it is necessary to provide a mathematical methodology to improve the productivity and efficiency of the systems. This research was focused on the evaluation of productivity and efficiency of intelligent transportation systems in Tehran City. The methodology of this paper is mathematical programming, using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. Primarily, the main components of intelligent transportation systems in Tehran city, were identified and the system’s costs and benefits were calculated through literature review and using available resources in four aspects of safety, performance, profitability and the environment. The collected data was presented in an expected index rate table after utilizing the Intelligent Transportation in Tehran city. The costs and benefits were then coded in the GAMS software through the Data Envelopment Analysis Method (DEA). Results have shown that Ramp Metering System and Signal Priority intelligent management systems have the highest coefficient factor of productivity and advanced traveler information system, intelligent parking management system, intelligent signaling, variable message signs have shown relevantly high coefficient factor of productivity. Intelligent transportation systems can be identified as a composition of tools, features and expertise such as traffic engineering concepts, software, hardware and telecommunication technologies, which are coordinated and integrated to improve efficiency and safety of transportation systems. The efficiency of the intelligent transportation systems is a function of information and communication technologies, which are going through rapid changes. The importance of the intelligent transportation systems management is more significant due these changes through time. Therefore, the intelligent transportation systems planning should be updated and practical. This requires continuous review and evaluation of new proposed needs and strategies and solutions. Details should be considered closely in the planning process of the intelligent transportation systems, so the future potential improvement opportunities are guaranteed. Future intelligent transportation planning needs such as geographic and systematic requirements, should be studied in order to be responsive to forthcoming traffic needs and also considering potential improvement capacities. For this purpose, the intelligent transportation systems productivity will improve with defining functional indicators about the productivity of intelligent transportation systems and measuring them in order to evaluate the function and efficiency utilizing DEA method. Due to the efficiency importance in the ITS activities development, and because of these system’s equipment, operation and maintenance high expenses utilizing this method could be useful in choosing and prioritizing these systems activities. In this research, to keep the categorized decision maker units, the income efficiency of the units are calculated using sustainability network method. One of the advantages of the proposed method is that, the sensitivity analysis about the income efficiency could help decision makers to figure out in what extent the inputs or outputs data of the units under evaluation should be changed in order to achieve the highest profit and productivity. The efficiency and productivity of ITS, are dependents of information and communication technologies (ICT) which are changing fast. Therefore, intelligent transportation systems planning become more important than ever, over the time. These systems should be executive and updated and for this purpose, they should be checked out continuously for estimating recent needs and evaluating new strategies and solutions. The system also must be checked out after executing in the region under evaluation and gaining enough experience. In a research in 2012, an efficiency evaluation thesis for intelligent management system of traffic based on DEA models, was propounded by Wei Z. A cost efficiency model is developed in this research by DEA. The basic information was gathered according to empirical analysis of intelligent transportation systems, implemented projects in Beijing, between 2000 and 2010. According to the rapid extension and development of the cities and urbanization, the proposed results in this condition and due to travel demand increase, urban traffic management is faced to many challenges. So that, the operational planning improvement would be inevitable for efficiency improvement and development of public transportation systems productivity. Therefore, a strong structure of intelligent transportation system planning could be a solution to optimizing the urban development, urban transportation modes combination, the guarantee of public transportation movement prioritizing and finally a sustainable urban development achievement. After studying the transportation systems influences on safety issues, traffic operation, user’s satisfaction, environmental issues, transportation systems operation costs would be calculable in order to estimating the benefits of suggested activities for developing the intelligent transportation systems. Accordingly, the improvement amount of safety, efficiency, usefulness and environmental indicators of these activities will be calculated. In this research, productivity coefficients of suggested activities to develop the intelligent transportation systems will be determined by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and revenue model according to the suggestions of Wei Z. research.}, keywords = {Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA),Intelligent Transportation System(ITS),Income Model,Tehran}, title_fa = {سنجش بهره وری سیستم های حمل و نقل هوشمند در شهر تهران با بهره گیری از روش تحلیل پوششی داده ها}, abstract_fa = {سیستم های حمل ونقل هوشمند می توانند نقش بسیار مؤثری در دستیابی به تمامی اهداف طرح جامع حمل ونقل و ترافیک شهر تهران داشته باشند. لذا برای بهره گیری از این پتانسیل، لازم است که با استفاده از روش های مناسب ریاضی، نسبت به افزایش کارایی و بهره وری آن ها اقدام نمود. این پژوهش با هدف سنجش بهره وری و کارایی اجزای سیستم های حمل ونقل هوشمند در شهر تهران به انجام رسیده است. روش انجام این تحقیق نیز به کارگیری مدل ریاضی و با استفاده از تکنیک های تصمیم گیری چند معیاره می باشد. در این مقاله پس از شناسایی اجزای اصلی سیستم های حمل ونقل هوشمند در شهر تهران، میزان منافع و هزینه های این سیستم ها از مطالعه تحقیقات و منابع موجود در چهار بعد ایمنی، عملکرد، سودمندی و محیط زیست به دست آمد و در قالب یک جدول میزان شاخص موردانتظار بعد از به کارگیری سیستم های حمل ونقل هوشمند در شهر تهران ارائه شده است. در ادامه با استفاده از روش تحلیل پوششی داده ها (DEA) و ارائه یک مدل پیشنهادی (مدل درآمد)، منافع و هزینه ها با بهره گیری از مدل مذکور در نرم افزار GAMS کدنویسی شده است. نتایج حاصل از اجرای مدل درآمد در نرم افزار نشان داد سیستم های هوشمند راهگردبانی و مدیریت هوشمند اولویت دهی عبور از تقاطع دارای بیشترین ضرایب بهره وری در بین سیستم های حمل ونقل هوشمند در شهر تهران می باشند و سیستم های هوشمند اطلاع رسانی پیش از سفر، مدیریت هوشمند پارکینگ، چراغ راهنمایی هوشمند و تابلوهای متغیر خبری دارای ضرایب بهره وری نسبتاً بالایی بودند.}, keywords_fa = {حمل ونقل هوشمند,تحلیل پوششی داده ها,مدل درآمد,تهران}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59792.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59792_c74cb966df47d2d5c775a194a55c127e.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalili, Ahmad and Zebardast, Esfandiar and Azizi, Mohammad Mehdi}, title = {Typology of Urban Growth Management Politics in Urban Based Regions}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {291-308}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Urban growth topic and their patterns with the growth management policies, as important topics, affect various urban and regional plans. Based upon this matter, the main purpose of this study is a typology identification of growth management policies in urban base regions. For this aim, two sections are set: first, the important and highly cited studies on urban growth pattern are surveyed, then main urban growth pattern in three vast concepts including urban growth, urban expansion, urban sprawl are presented. In the second section and after identification of twelve growth patterns, the typology of growth management policies is presented. After growth management typology discussion, the linkage explanation between growth patterns and growth management policies is done. The research method in this paper is meta-analysis method. Research findings show that the most important polices in growth management include twelve parts. These polices in some studies is known as growth management geopolitics and employed in various cities in the world both inside and outside the city limits. Growth management policies include the following: Green Belt (GB), Urban Growth Boundary (UGB), Urban Services Areas (USA), Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction (ETJ), Mandatory Comprehensive Plans, Concurrency Provisions and Development Impact Fees, Inter local and Joint-Planning Agreements and Inter Local Agreements (ILA), Transfer/Purchase of Development Rights (TDR), Density Bonuses and Inclusionary Housing Provisions, Special Tax/Financing Tools, Green-Building Programs and Mass-Transit and TOD. Growth management techniques, in general, include: (1) housing/population caps, commercial/industrial caps, and temporary moratoria, (2) urban growth boundaries (UGBs), urban service boundaries (USAs), urban limit lines, and the green belt, (3) concurrency, adequate public facilities (APF), and development impact fees, (4) zoning and other land use regulations such as planned unit developments (PUDs), the purchase of development rights (PDRs), and the transfer of development rights (TDRs), (5) financial or tax incentives for infill and redevelopment, (6) conservation easement and the direct purchase of land for conservation, (7) environmental regulations, and (8) tax-base revenue sharing. The applications and implementation of these techniques are diverse in terms of their strengths and flexibility at the local, community, regional, and state levels. Regarding to these growth management techniques, many studies referred to the techniques of growth boundary (e.g., UGBs, USAs, urban limit lines, and the green belt) as “urban containment” policies. Despite a significant amount of documentation and research on the growth management systems and their implementation, the impact of growth management systems on revitalization in urbanized areas has not been comprehensively addressed in academic literature because the length of time after implementing growth management policies can be a critical factor in the analysis of their effects. However, Dawkins and Nelson (2003) assessed the impact of statewide growth management systems on central-city revitalization by analyzing the panel data of construction activities for 293 metropolitan areas. Their analyses indicated that statewide growth management programs have observable effects on residential construction activities in the central cities. Growth management policies such as an Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) can help encourage infill development in the inner-ring suburbs. However, urban containment policies at the regional level may revitalize the downtowns and the outer-ring suburbs within the growth boundaries at the expense of the inner-ring suburbs. Although urban containment shifted development from rural and exurban areas to city and suburban areas, this shift may concentrate in the downtowns and the outer-ring suburbs of the spatially differentiated metropolitan region. Growth management programs can be framed to address these problems [the vicious cycle of poverty concentration, social despair, and fiscal distress that plagues much of urban America] in fundamental ways, they can redirect economic and social forces by balancing the spread of new development with several efforts to stabilize or revive existing neighborhoods, business centers, and industrial areas and by modifying tax and infrastructure investment policies that influence location decisions. Urban growth management policies, targeting increased development density and protection of open spaces, are widely required in various parts of the world to alleviate negative effects of urban development. Negative impacts of disordered urban growth range from excessive land reclamation and energy consumption, to traffic congestion and air pollution. Urban containment policies including urban growth boundaries (UGBs), urban service boundaries (USBs), and greenbelts are intended to contain the specified types of future urban development (e.g. high-rise residential buildings), within pre-defined boundaries to curb urban sprawl and encourage infill development. Finally Growth management looks for maintaining an ongoing equilibrium between development and conservation, between various form of development and the concurrent provision of infrastructure, between the demands for public services generated by growth and the supply of revenues to finance those demands, and between progress and equity.}, keywords = {Growth Management,Typology,Green belt,Urban Growth Boundary,Urban Services Areas,Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction}, title_fa = {گونه شناسی سیاست های مدیریت رشد شهری در مناطق شهربنیان}, abstract_fa = {موضوع رشد شهری و گونه های مختلف آن ب ههمراه سیاست های مدیریت و مهار آن ب هعنوان یک موضوع علی و فرادست، بسیاری از برنامه ها و طرح های شهری و منطقه ای را تحت تأثیر قرار می دهد. مقاله حاضر بر آن است تا به گونه شناسی سیاست های مدیریت و مهار رشد شهری در مناطق شهری بپردازد. برای این منظور دو بخش جهت رسیدن به اهدف مقاله تنظیم شده است. در بخش اول، ابتدا با تدقیق در ده مطالعه مهم و پراستناد در زمینه انواع گونه های رشد شهری، به ارائه مهم ترین گونه های رشد شهری در سه کلان مفهوم رشد شهری، گسترش شهری و پراکنده روئی شهری که به اشتباه در بسیاری از متون به جای هم به کار می روند، پرداخته شده است. بعد از شناسایی دوازده گونه رشد مربوطه، در بخش دوم به گونه شناسی سیاست های مدیریت و مهار رشد شهری در مناطق شهربنیان پرداخته شده و در نهایت بعد از ارائه گونه شناسی ویژه این مطالعه، به بررسی ارتباط گونه های رشد با سیاست های مهار پرداخته شده است. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه نیز روش تحقیق فراتحلیل می باشد. یافته های مطالعه نشان می دهد که مهم ترین سیاست های مدیریت و مهار رشد شهری را که در برخی متون از آن ها تحت عنوان ژئوپلتیک مدیریت رشد نیز یاد شده است، دوازده گونه اصلی مدیریت رشد تشکیل داده و عبارتند از: کمربند سبز شهری، مرزهای رشد شهری و منطقه ای، مرزهای خدمات شهری، مرزهای اعمال قدرت فرامرزی، طرح های جامع الزام آور، هزینه تأثیر توسعه و مقررات همزمانی، همکاری ها و توافقات درون محلی و برنامه ریزی اشتراکی، انتقال و خرید حقوق توسعه، مشوق های تراکمی و تهیه مسکن دربرگیرنده، مالیات ویژه و ابزارهای تأمین مالی، برنامه ساختمان های سبز و توسعه مبتنی بر حمل ونقل عمومی.}, keywords_fa = {مدیریت رشد,گونه شناسی,کمربند سبز,مرز رشد شهری,مرز خدمات شهری,محدوده اعمال قدرت فرامرزی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59793.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59793_deb263aef15a5d950c29795f7db182c2.pdf} } @article { author = {Rafieian, Mojtaba and Saeidi Rezvani, Navid and Mohassesian, Zohreh}, title = {Market–base Economic Assessment Model Stimulation for Conservation Qazvin Traditional Gardens with Focus on Transfer Development Rights (TDR) Approach}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {309-321}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {Development and increasing population density in cities cause developers tendency to make more use of urban land and agricultural land, thus achieving an efficient way to conserve natural resources seem to be necessary. Experiences during the past decade shows that urban development plans and regulations for the protection of gardens and agricultural land are not very effective. Following of operational and administrative mechanisms to conservation, new perspectives on urban development is proposed that market-oriented approach of the world in the 90s is among the factors that led to the production and presentation of practical tools for capacity Market in urban policy and urban planning. One of the most successful market-oriented approaches in order to protect open spaces is transferring the development rights (TDR). TDR means protecting land by transferring development rights from one region to another region. In fact, TDR program allows owners to separate development right from certain parts of their property and sell off and Buyers often are other owners who want to increase their lands density. Qazvin is a city with large green gardens which have surrounded historical part of the city like a green ring in connection with past and the traditional gardens are now in danger of destruction. This study showed that the surplus value of gardens can be used in order to conserve them while the further rate of surplus value causes more possibility of successful TDR. So this research is presenting a pattern in order to protect the environmental values of Qazvin traditional gardens. Therefore, according to the nature of the research, the research method is descriptive-analytic based on the references to scientific and international documents while it attempts to identify the mechanisms of protection in the development right-transfer approach. This study uses the research method of comparative research resources and materials and their adaptation to present the basics of urban planning in Iran and consider the criteria, components and indicators. Finally, we use field data and taking advantage of matrix analysis models and cost and benefit method. The required indices are selected from the global experiences of implementation of TDR projects and have been localized with the requirements of Qazvin. In general, it can be acknowledged that the best possible scenario is the options for which the right to development is lower and the demand for development rights is greater. Considering the findings of the research and the results of the study of the TDR approach, taking into account the special measures and taking into account the situation and the context and context, this approach can be used to protect the agricultural lands and traditional gardens in Qazvin. The research also showed that components such as density, land price, area, etc. have a more effective role in applying this approach. In particular, this approach is more effective in protecting valuable gardens and terrains through public participation and the private sector, and can help to preserve the natural and historical identity of the city. This approach will establish spatial justice and will ensure investor benefits. TDR programs can be considered as the most effective program for preserving valuable land in societies with high growth rates and somewhat intelligent growth in the city. This executive approach is based on the creating of a motivation that develops indirect growth and helps maintaining and preserving parts of society that are needed through private-sector participation. In fact, the system utilizes a strengthened position and moderates declining values, low value when volunteers are eager to reduce their ownership development. The results showed that the value added from the traditional gardens could be used to protect them. Analysis of the scenarios also showed that the higher value of surplus of the right to development, the better possibility of success in the method of transferring the right to further developments. Therefore, the mechanisms for transfering of development right in the form of a solution can be expressed as follows:1. Establishment of internal linkage of land use planning and urban production values and urban spaces.2. Dividing the entire ownership of property into two ownership rights and developing and accepting the possibility of transferring them.3. Adoption of surplus development on the right to the right to society and the means of realizing public interests4. Management and continuous monitoring of the urban development market in pursuit of public interest5. Organizing public-private partnerships as the basis for reforming relations with the public and sharing common space values.6. To equip and strengthen the urban unit management as the main responsibility of local people.7. Continuous review and monitoring of the development plan and transfer system of property rights based on system feedback and factor action.}, keywords = {Development Right,Transfer Development Right,Sending & Receiving Area-Gazvin Traditional Gardens}, title_fa = {استفاده از مدل ارزیابی اقتصادی بازا رمحور جهت حفاظت از باغات سنتی شهر قزوین با استفاده از رویکرد انتقال حق توسعه (TDR)}, abstract_fa = {افزایش جمعیت و تراکم در شهرها باعث تمایل توسعه گران برای استفاده بیش از پیش از اراضی شهری و در نتیجه فشار فزاینده به فضاهای باز و اراضی کشاورزی شده است. به دنبال راهکارهای عملیاتی و اجرایی برای حفاظت، دیدگاه های نوین در شهرسازی ارائه شده که رو کیردهای بازار محور از جمله این دیدگاه ها در دهه 90 است که منجر به تولید و ارائه ابزارهای کارامدی برای استفاده از ظرفیت های بازار در سیاست گذاری های شهری شده است. یکی از موفق ترین رویکرد های بازار محور در راستای حفاظت از فضاهای باز، انتقال حق توسعه است. انتقال حق توسعه در واقع به معنای حفاظت از زمین به وسیله انتقال حقوق توسعه از یک منطقه به منطقه ای دیگر است. در واقع این رویکرد به مالکین اجازه می دهد که حق توسعه را از قطعه مشخصی از ملکشان جدا کرده و به فروش برسانند و خریداران دیگر مالکان هستند که می خواهند تراکم زمین هایشان را افزایش دهند. شهر قزوین از جمله شهرهایی است که باغات وسیع میوه همچون حلقه ای سبز در پیوند با گذشته، بافت قدیمی شهر را در برگرفته و این باغات سنتی در حال حاضر در معرض تخریب هستند. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش روش تحلیلی است که با استفاده از داده های میدانی و بهره گیری از مدل های تحلیل ماتریسی و روش هزینه و فایده صورت گرفته است. شاخص های مورد نیاز برگرفته از تجارب جهانی اجرای پروژه های TDR انتخاب و با شرایط قزوین بومی سازی شده اند. نتایج نشان داد که ارزش افزوده حاصل از باغات سنتی به میزانی است که می توان در راستای حفاظت از آن ها مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. تحلیل سناریوها نیز نشان داد که هر چه میزان ارزش مازاد حق توسعه بیشتر باشد، امکان موفقیت روش انتقال حق توسعه بیشتر می شود.}, keywords_fa = {حق توسعه,انتقال حق توسعه,مناطق دریافت و ارسال,باغات سنتی,شهر قزوین}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59796.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59796_85c718e9bc644c7adc95ab43be3b46cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Zarei, Fatemeh and Ahani, Somayeh and Salehi, Esmail}, title = {Exploring the Child-oriented in Traditional and New Tissues with Emphasize on Quality Factors, Case Study: Sanandaj}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {323-336}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = { Considering that children have a large population in Iran, this part of the population is considered as the future capital of our country and it plays the more important role in building tomorrow’s society. Paying attention to children and their needs in urban environments, such as education and growth and recreation, can be very effective and efficient in their future lives. The past century has been witness of an unprecedented acceleration in the changes of natural and human environments and the life style, which has affected the quality of life and the physical characteristics of cities. developing countries, like Iran, are pursuing these policies to address various cultural, social, and environmental issues. The use and allocation of urban spaces is a matter that should be considered in the daily life studies. The occurrence of any human activity in the city requires space. Considering this, one of the recent developments in the new trends in urban planning is the attention to child-centered spaces. Child-friendly designs seek to give children the right of being citizens, raise awareness, increase community participation, reduce violence against children, pay attention to environmental issues, and so on. The purpose of this research is to explain the quality of the desirable urban environment in organic and planned neighborhoods while complying with the principles of the child-oriented neighborhood. For this purpose, two neighborhoods of Khanqaha and Chaharlan Castle with new and organic tissues in Sanandaj have been investigated according to their specific characteristics. The theoretical bases of the research are based on the views of various thinkers in different field of urban, regional, social sciences and economics. For ease of work, the research evaluation model was developed in five aspects of physical, social, psychological, economic and managerial in a hierarchical way. The type of the investigation was applied and the methodology of the research was analytical-descriptive. For the final analysis of data, SPSS software was utilized. The approach of gathering information in this case study was through completing the questioner. The results of comparison of 2 neighborhoods indicate that the physical, managerial, psychological and economic components of the Khaneghah neighborhood with the planned texture are more favorable than the Qaleh Chahlanan neighborhood. Adherence to ethical principles, traditions, indigenous peoples, citizens’ cognition and trust towards each other, socialization of children with peers, equalization of the economic situation of the residents of the neighborhood have led to the improvement of social factors’ qualities in the Qaleh Chahlanan neighborhood with organic tissues. Therefore, the scores derived from the comparative comparisons of each of the components of the quality of the environment indicate that the Khaneghah neighborhood with an average of 3.11 compared to Qaleh Chahlanan neighborhood with an average of 2.96 is more desirable environmental quality with an emphasis on child-centered urban space. Therefore, the research hypothesis is proved. The results of Friedman test indicate that there is a significant difference between the planned and organic tissues between different criteria (significant levels are less than 0.05). Also, the results of independent t-test show that in the planned texture, the economic criterion with the score of 3.38 and in the organic texture, social criterion with the rating (3.49) is prior to the other criteria. Finally, a proposed model for designing and planning a suitable urban space with the aim of promoting the quality of the neighborhood child-centered design has been designed. It can be said that if assessing the quality of the environment and the child-centered urban environment by the inhabitants of the environment (parents and children), designers, and planners in the degree of cause of the subject and  codification of goals shaped according to the physical and non-physical properties of each tissue, the result of this dynamic process, in the course from the stage of  the point of view to the operation and vice versa, promotes the quality of the child-centered environment during the time periods. It will result in the promotion of the quality of child-centered urban spaces. Therefore, in the coming years, a movement towards a deeper look at a higher quality urban environment is required based on developed models; otherwise, the planning of the construction of neighborhoods and urban space, rather than taking into account the needs and desires of residents and children, will only be based on repetition. The same patterns will reduce the quality of the environment and cause dissatisfaction of children and citizens from space in the long run. }, keywords = {Quality of Environment,Child-like Neighborhood,Sanandaj,AHP Model}, title_fa = {بررسی محله کودک محور در بافت های سنتی و جدید با تأکید بر عوامل کیفی، نمونه موردی: سنندج}, abstract_fa = {محله ب هعنوان یک سلول زنده شهری مطرح است در شهرسازی باید به کودک مانند سایر ساکنان شهر به دیدگاه ویژه ای نگریسته شود. هدف از این پژوهش، تبیین کیفیت محیط شهری مطلوب تر در محله های ارگانیک و برنامه ریزی شده ضمن تطبیق با اصول محله کودک محور است. مبانی نظری تحقیق برگرفته از نظریات اندیشمندان مختلف در حوزه های مختلف شهری، منطقه ای، علوم اجتماعی و علوم اقتصادی می باشد. جهت سهولت در کار، مدل ارزیابی پژوهش در پنج مبحث ملاحظات کالبدی، اجتماعی، روانشناسی، اقتصادی و مدیریتی به صورت سلسله مراتبی ایجاد شده است. نوع پژوهش کاربردی است و روش تحقیق، تحلیلی- توصیفی است و به منظور ارزیابی نهایی و تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار SPSS بهره گرفته شده است. شیوه جمع آوری اطلاعات به صورت میدانی، تکمیل پرسش نامه است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان دهنده کیفیت مطلوب فضا در محله خانقاه (بافت برنامه ریزی شده) با امتیاز 3/11 نسبت به محله قلعه چهارلان است. نتایج آزمون فریدمن حاکی از آن است که هم در بافت برنامه ریزی شده و هم در بافت ارگانیک بین معیارهای مختلف اختلاف معنی داری وجود دارد (سطوح معنی داری کمتر از 0/05 است). همچنین نتایج آزمون t مستقل نشان می دهد که در بافت برنامه ریزی شده معیار اقتصادی با امتیاز (3/38) و در بافت ارگانیک معیار اجتماعی با امتیاز (3/49) نسبت به سایر معیارها در اولویت می باشد. درنهایت مدلی پیشنهادی جهت طراحی و برنامه ریزی مناسب فضای شهری باهدف ارتقاء کیفیت محله کودک محور طراحی شده است.}, keywords_fa = {کیفیت محیط,محله کودک محور,سنندج,مدل AHP}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59797.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59797_ff91c903a26b24c211f848707933b733.pdf} } @article { author = {Soltani, Ali and Ghazaie, Mohammad and Bazrgar, Mohammad Reza}, title = {The Effects of Transportation Modal Choice on the Quality of Spatial Knowledge}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {337-348}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = { The interaction between urban space and individual behavior has led to essential social, economic and environmental consequences. Spatial behaviour which is contained by individuals’ activity in geographical space, is enforced by understanding the urban environment. In fact, individuals for shaping their behaviour need some knowledge of the urban environment, including opportunities available and the means to reach them. Thus, the variation in spatial knowledge can result in personal attitudes, travel behaviour and especially modal choice. Cognitive maps can be defined as mental images and concepts that are built to visualize and assimilate information. They are also referred to as mental maps, mind maps, schemata, and frames of reference. They act as tools for strategists to move beyond the constraints of short-term memory and to process information. Generally, spatial experience is one of the most important components in individuals’ spatial knowledge of the environment. With regarding the fact that a high amount of individuals’ experience is formed through travelling within the urban environments, it can be suggested that the slower the travel is the more direct interaction with the environment will take place which leads to the increase of spatial knowledge level. The variations in spatial knowledge can result in radically different levels of effective accessibility, despite similar locations, demographics and other factors commonly thought to influence travel behaviour. Since intra urban travel has a significant role in shaping the cognitive maps, this paper examines whether differences in cognitive maps can be explained, in part, by variation in travel mode. For this purpose, the Imam Reza International College of Foreign Languages was selected as the place where questionnaire sheet should be filled out. This College was selected because it is located within the central zone of Mashhad and it is well known from different directions for the students of the college towards central Mashhad. It is also accessible by different modes of transport and students can reach it using ten different bus lines and Light Rapid Transit (LRT). In this way, the students and teachers of this college were considered as the statistical population and 100 students and teachers were randomly selected as the sample to fill the designed questionnaire out. The questionnaire sheet encompasses information about individuals’ socioeconomic status, the quality of spatial knowledge and the mode of transportation. For analyzing data, the descriptive and inferential statistical methods and cognitive map’s analysis were used. Different indices were applied for analyzing individuals’ travel pattern. The first index was accessibility to car. The second index showed travel patterns which were divided into car drivers who were engaged in moving directly and passive drivers who were engaged indirectly. The third one was cognitive travel pattern. This index showed individuals’ travel patterns which were associated with the quality they were travelling. For example, driving a car and walking are considered as active moving and travelling by bus and taxi are regarded as passive ones and finally, mixed travel movers are those who use a mix of active and passive modes of transport. The analysis of data showed a positive direct correlation between the record of residence in a neighborhood and the level of spatial knowledge. The older the age, the higher was the level of spatial knowledge. The analysis of estimating the distance to a specific destination suggested that those who were directly engaged directly in travelling – such as car drivers, cyclists and pedestrians-  were better able to estimate the distance than those who were engaged indirectly – such as car or bus passengers. In other words, the more individuals’ modes of transportation were active, the higher their level of spatial knowledge was. It can be concluded that those who had their travel pattern more active, showed better understanding of the environment and higher level of spatial knowledge. For example, those who travelled using public transportation (included bus and LRT) had better response when were asked to present their cognitive maps. However, those who used active modes of travel included cycling and walking showed better practice by presenting more detailed cognitive maps. As a result, it can be said that the patterns of urban travel affect individuals’ spatial knowledge and understanding. It means that the level of spatial knowledge of active travellers is higher than those of passive trip-makers. Thus, with understanding the role of travel pattern on citizens’ cognitive maps, it is preferred to facilitate non-motorized transportation which is considered as active modes and make individuals more familiar with the environment. It is also recommended to create legible, pleasant and clear signs in order to strengthen individuals’ identity and their sense of place attachment. To sum up it can be declared that variation in spatial knowledge and cognitive maps are significantly caused by the variation in individuals’ transportation modes.}, keywords = {Spatial Knowledge,Urban Land Marks,Cognitive Map,Transportation modes,Spatial Learning,Mashhad}, title_fa = {تحلیل اثرات انتخاب روش های جابه جایی برکیفیت دانش فضایی}, abstract_fa = {رفتار فضایی، فعالیت افراد در فضای جغرافیایی است که از طریق فرآیند شناخت محیط شهری شکل می گیرد. در واقع فرد برای شک لگیری رفتار خود در محیط شهر، به یک سری از دانش ها که در فرصت های گوناگون و با استفاده از ابزارهای متفاوت حاصل می شود، نیاز دارد. تفاوت در دانش فضایی می تواند نتیجه عوامل گوناگونی از قبیل ویژگی های اقتصادی- اجتماعی، تجربه فضا، مسیریابی، رفتار سفر و الگوی سفر باشد. تصاویر ذهنی که از طریق مسیریابی و تجربه سفر کسب می شوند، یکی از ابزارهایی هستند که افراد به وسیله آن ها می توانند تجارب کسب شده از محیط بیرون را به نمایش بگذارند. جابه جایی های درون شهری یکی از کلیدی ترین ابزارهای شک لگیری تصاویر ذهنی افراد هستند. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی رابطه بین روش های مختلف جابه جایی افراد و تصاویر ذهنی آ نها از عناصر و یادمان های کالبدی شهر انجام گرفته و سعی بر آن بوده تا تنوع در تصاویر ذهنی افراد، با توجه به تنوع در روش های جاب هجایی توضیح داده شود. بدین منظور از 100 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا (ع) در کلانشهر مشهد به صورت تصادفی و با ابزار پرسشنامه، اطلاعات لازم در مورد کیفیت دانش فضایی و الگوی جابه جایی درون شهری جمع آوری شده است. تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها با استفاده از روش های مختلف آمار استنباطی همانند تحلیل واریانس و مدل رگرسیون لاجیت نشان می دهد که تفاوت در دانش فضایی و تصاویر ذهنی افراد، به طور معناداری ناشی از تفاوت در شیوه های جابه جایی افراد است. افرادی که روش شناختی جابه جایی آن ها، از نوع فعال (همانند پیاده روی) بوده است و همچنین افرادی که از روش ترکیبی استفاده کرده اند، در مقایسه با افرادی که شیوه های جابه جایی از نوع منفعل داشته اند در تخمین فاصله و انتخاب مقصد، به صورت موفق تری عمل کرده اند.}, keywords_fa = {دانش فضایی,نشانه های شهری,تصویرذهنی,جابه جایی,مشهد}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59798.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59798_e6eda3752ff0e6d41da05d12308023bd.pdf} } @article { author = {Shieh, Esmaeil and Saidi, Mehdi and Tabatabaee, Sadaf}, title = {Measuring the Physical Expansion of Danesfahan and Providing the Proposed Spatial Organization in Line with the Future Expansion of It}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {349-363}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = {The city’s physical expansion takes place in a dynamic and continuous process over the time. The physics of city has been developed in both horizontal and vertical directions in quantitative and qualitative terms. Various factors are involved in the physical expansion of the city. In most cases, different temporal and spatial conditions of cities make a variety of different factors to influence in the development of the physical expansion of each city. In term of type, this is a practical article and, is a case study in terms of method. The researcher has deeply and comprehensively studied the characteristics of this phenomenon in a given period of time and has collected a large amount of information and data about it. Analytical logic has been used in this method and the researcher has tried to analyze and explain the phenomenon. At the beginning of this study, we have investigated and evaluated definitions and theoretical concepts of the physical expansion of the city and the factors affecting it. Then, in order to recognize the factors of attraction and repulsion in the physical expansion of the Danesfahan, information layers have been provided for land cover, accessibility and physiography of Danesfahan. And these layers are investigated to measure the physical growth of the city relative to its original core. Information layers have been integrated using GIS. The importance of different factors and layers has been determined by applying ANP multi-criteria decision-making method. To predict the future physical growth and expansion of the city based on its influential attraction and repulsion factors, Spatial Classification of the areas suitable for the physical expansion of Dansfahan has been analyzed by Fuzzy Logic. In this paper, at first, we have tried to identify and evaluate the effective attraction and repulsion factors in physical expansion of Danesfahan. Considering the internal and external relations of attraction and repulsion factors, the importance of the information layers of each factor is determined using the ANP method; and fuzzy spatial classification is performed for evaluating the physical expansion of Dansfahan using fuzzy logic in the GIS. ANP method is one of the most recent multi-criteria decision-making methods, which determines the importance of criteria and sub-criteria based on internal and external relations between factors and using the relevant Super matrixes. The fuzzy method has been used considering its capability in uncertainty to express concepts in the integration of maps. In 1995, Danesfahan was recognized as a city. The initial core of the city was destroyed after Buin Zahra earthquake in 1962 and city was also rebuilt in the same year. In the process of physical expansion of the city, access to the main road leading to the city and the road between the villages are considered as attraction factors and irrigated agriculture and gardens are considered as repulsion factors. Some of the most important criteria in physical expansion used to estimate the city’s capability for expansion are: Accessibility criteria including the sub-criteria of access to the urban area, communication paths, the high pressure line, the main gas pipes; and the land cover criteria with the classification of irrigated, dry land, mixed, garden and arid agriculture; and the physiography criterion which includes the sub-criteria of slope and distance from the fault. Analysis network process (ANP) model has been used to determine the importance and significance of each criterion and sub-criterion. Fuzzy method was used for spatial modeling of information layers in Arc GIS software environment; and the various layers have been integrated and finally a spatial organization was proposed based on the map of areas that are prone to future expansion of Danesfahan city. The proposed organization emphasizes the expansion of the city to the northwest of the current range along with considering the Special managerial strategies and guidelines. The main strategies are provided for managing land cover in the predicted areas, including:• Direct supervision of the municipality and city management on lands located in the area under the city’s rule and provision.• Owning lands around the city, especially lands that are located in the direction of the city’s physical expansion, in order to prevent land rentiers and unplanned expansion.• Planning the infrastructure management and proper land use in the predicted directions for the future expansion of the city.• Adopting measures for organizing the land use of the proposed beltway areas.• Avoiding scattered construction.• Developing an integrated plan for the spatial organization of potential areas for the future expansion of the city.• Encouraging citizens for continuous participation in city’s decisions related to city development and expansion.}, keywords = {Physical Expansion,Danesfahan,Network and Fuzzy Analysis Process Method,City Expansion Management}, title_fa = {سنجش گسترش کالبدی شهر دانسفهان و ارائه سازمان فضایی پیشنهادی در راستای گسترش آتی آن}, abstract_fa = {گسترش کالبدی شهر طی فرآیندی پویا و مداوم در گذر زمان اتفاق می افتد. کالبد شهر در جهت های افقی و عمودی از حیث کمی و کیفی توسعه پیدا می کند. مقاله پیش رو از نوع کاربردی می باشد و با روش مطالعه موردی انجام شده است. ابتدا سنجش و تحلیل گسترش کالبدی شهر دانسفهان انجام شده و در نهایت متناسب با برآورد جهت مستعد گسترش آتی شهر، سازمان فضایی پیشنهادی برای جهت مناسب گسترش آتی ارائه شده است. بدین ترتیب که برای سنجش گسترش کالبدی شهر دانسفهان، با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، لایه های مختلف اطلاعاتی تهیه و با همپوشانی و سنجش این لایه ها عوامل جاذبه و محدودکننده در گسترش کالبدی شهر مشخص شد. نتایج این امر نشان دهنده آن بود که دسترسی به راه اصلی ورودی به شهر و راه بین روستایی از عوامل جاذبه و زمین های زراعت آبی و باغ از عوامل دافعه به شمار می آیند. از مهم ترین معیارهای مؤثر در گسترش کالبدی برای برآورد جهت قابلیت گسترش شهر استفاده شده که عبارتند از: معیار دسترسی شامل زیرمعیارهای دسترسی به محدوده شهری، راه های ارتباطی، خط فشار قوی، لوله اصلی گاز و معیار پوشش اراضی با طبقه بندی زراعت آبی، دیم، مختلط، باغ و بایر و معیار فیزیوگرافی که شامل زیرمعیارهای شیب و فاصله از گسل. برای تعیین میزان اهمیت هر یک از معیارها و زیرمعیارها از مدل فرآیند تحلیل شبکه ای بهره گرفته شده است و با استفاده از روش فازی به مدل سازی فضایی لایه های اطلاعاتی در محیط نرم افزار Arc GIS پرداخته شده و لایه های مختلف با هم تلفیق و در نهایت براساس نقشه محدوده های مستعد گسترش، سازمان فضایی پیشنهادی برای گسترش آتی شهر دانسفهان پیشنهاد شده است. این سازمان پیشنهادی بر گسترش شهر به سمت شمال غربی محدوده کنونی با درنظر گرفتن راهبردها و ضوابط مدیریتی ویژه تأکید می ورزد.}, keywords_fa = {گسترش کالبدی,دانسفهان,روش فرآیند تحلیل شبکه ای و فازی,مدیریت گسترش شهر}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59799.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59799_c4e52651dbe530712f9b7f20b77d90ef.pdf} } @article { author = {Zia Tavana, Mohammad Hassan}, title = {The Role of Traditional Islamic-oriented Urban Elements in the Morphology of “Old Lar City”}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {365-375}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = { It is possible to explain the texture of a city for a proper understanding of its physiognomy within the framework of the Gestalt school as well as a systematic approach. Thus, the investigation and analysis of each element of the city on the one hand, and how they are linked and combined in the body of the city, on the other hand, should be taken into account with regard to the essential functions. These functions include: Governmental Function: A city serves as the seat of the government and country divisions. Economic Function: Incorporating business-related services (both traditional and modern), this function emerges especially within the framework of markets and other urban spaces. Cultural-Religious Function: A city is considered as the headquarters of scientific, cultural and religious institutions. Residential Function: Density and, to some extent, an unstructured residential texture detached from commercial, governmental, and cultural-religious texture. The “central location” should also be added to the above-mentioned functions. This function demonstrates the manner of the extent of the mechanism of the city’s relations and links with its environs and the sphere of influence and attraction in relation to the other functions. It is, therefore, necessary to pay attention to the extent of the spread and the give-and-take mechanisms of the city with the sphere of influence, as well as its position in the urban, regional, supra-regional, and eventually international relations. In terms of physical texture, the top of the two hills located in the western part of the present-day city of Lar, which is in the form of a fortress, must definitely be considered as the core of the first settlement and the establishment of the small town, which gradually spread over the low eastern and southern slopes. These castles can be equated with “Khandaj”. Parallel to this natural condition, the existence of a bed of two dried up rivers resulting from the work of both nature and man, together with the water supply streams split from them to determine the boundaries of the network of passages and alleys, has led the city of Lar to deviate from the models of the “Islamic-Orient” and lack a fence along with a tower, a gate, and battlements accordingly. That is mainly because the bedrocks would serve as a ditch, making it difficult to get into the city. On the other hand, this natural and human phenomenon, consistent with the slope, has had a significant effect on the navigation of water reservoirs which are not only the most important but also the sole water supply of the city and even farms and villages. The second stage of the city growth can be found in the worn-out and narrow sets of stairs at the foot of the hills. The existence of sacred buildings, such as “Pir-e Sabz” or “Gonband-e Sabz”, and the ruined market across from it can further underscore this idea. Moreover, the neighborhood of the Jews in its vicinity, “Kohandeh”, as well as the long history of this part of the city, is an indicator of the historical link between the government and the religious minorities that overlap with the presented models. The third step can be referred to as the transitional area of the city’s growth from a spontaneous texture to a structured one with a well-arranged space organization. The formation of the “old market” along one of the main passages and the construction or modification of the Central Mosque of the city through this passage is evidence of this claim.The fourth stage, with the construction of a public square and urban elements such as a pond, the Qaisarie Market, the palace or the place for governing, the caravanserai, the Bath of Mir, etc., around the square, that are attributed to the pre-Islamic era and are all in a space solid bond, the first step was taken to organize the shaping of the city. As the core of the city has lacked any residential function and even the home of the governor of Larestan has been situated outside this space since at least about 400 years ago, the space is consistent with the “center of the commercial sector”. The next steps in the city’s physical growth are mainly owing the expansion of residential areas affected by tribal, ethnic, religious and urban development structures by various governmental institutions. Finally, it is important to note that the changes in the shape and texture of the old city of Lar are also profoundly influenced by the exogenous and endogenous forces and factors. }, keywords = {Islamic-orient,Urban Elements,Urban Physiognomy,Old City of Lar}, title_fa = {جایگاه عناصر سنتی شهر شرق اسلامی در ریخت شناسی شهر قدیم لار}, abstract_fa = {شهر این دستاورد زنده و پویا بشر، همچون دیگر سکونتگاهای انسانی، پیوسته به منزله یکی از شاخص های قلمرو فرهنگی- تمدنی و شهرنشینی و نیز گستردگی پژوهش های انجام شده تاکنون، از برجستگی ویژه برخوردار می باشد. از این رو در این مقاله، به ارائه مد لهایی درباره شکل و قالب بندی آن پرداخته شده است. اما علی رغم چنین مدل های کلیشه ای، نمی توان به راحتی از یک سنخ واحد سخن به میان آورد. زیرا در عین وحدت این کثرت به گونه ای است که حتی در درون یک واحد سیاسی (کشور) به تبایناتی برمی خوریم. از این رو، هدف از پژوهش نه تنها تحلیلی از ساختار فضایی و ریخت شناسی شهر قدیم لار به منزله یک شهر متوسط با پیشینه کهن و فراز و فرود بسیار می باشد، بلکه با میزان آن با مدل های ارائه شده در این رابطه نیز ارتباط دارد. برای دست یابی به این هدف از روش های تحقیق جغرافیایی و مطالعات تطبیقی به گونه اسنادی، چون چندین بار سفر در راستای مکان گزینی، پرسشگری ها و مشاهده ها بهره گرفته شده است. از سوی بنیان های نظری (فرضیه ها) استفاده شده است. نتیجه بررسی ها گواه می دهد که بافت کالبدی این در مواردی چه به لحاظ موقعیت طبیعی و چه به لحاظ ساختار و کارکرد ها با مدل های یاد شده هم پوشی دارد. اما از سوی دیگر انحراف هایی، به ویژه با تأکید بر کارکرد و ساختار ها و حوزه نفوذ و حوزه جذب را نشانگر است. این کارکردها عبارتند از: 1. کارکرد حکومتی؛ 2. کارکرد اقتصادی؛ 3. کارکرد فرهنگی- مذهبی؛ 4. کارکرد مسکونی و سرانجام کارکرد "مکان مرکزی".}, keywords_fa = {شرق اسلامی,عناصر شهری,ریخت شناسی,لار,فارس}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59801.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59801_a70973d5a4cbb802a2c875e61eb0b369.pdf} } @article { author = {Majedi, Hamid and Zebardast, Esfandiar and Mojarabi Kermani, Bahare}, title = {The Analysis of Factors Affecting Urban Growth in Urmia, Using Logistic Regression}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {377-392}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = { The growth of large cities and its consequent spatial effects has led to alteration of vast rural lands to urban areas and has influenced and dominated the life patterns of many countries during the recent centuries. Urban growth in Iran has been accelerated during last decades by mass immigration of rural population to urban areas. The urbanization rate will increase to about 70.6% and 78.2% by 2020 and 2050; respectively. The hastening increase in the population of the cities, lack of urban infrastructures, shifting the land use and the consequent vanish of ecologically valuable lands in the countries, industrial pollutions, illegal settlement in the suburbs and other human activities which have influenced the growth of cities in Iran, make it necessary to study and analyze the growth of Urmia (The capital of Western Azerbaijan Province which is one of the large cities in Iran). According to 2006 census, the population of the city was 583255 that shows a 30% increase during a decade. Border lines with Iraq and Turkey, mild climate, strategic position and natural resources are the characteristics that make further developments possible. Urban growth and its driving factors are important topics in recent urban research analysis. Several physical, economic and social factors influence the urban growth while they have nonlinear and complex relationship. Although urban growth is a prevalent procedure, its patterns and driving factors are almost vague and there is no inclusive collection of factors which may describe the urban growth process since the characteristics of cities are unique. To evaluate the results of urban growth plans and predict the condition of city boundaries and land use changes, urban planners need to analyze urban growth practically. So that, this paper focuses on spatiotemporal recognition of Urmia’s urban growth as a case study for large cities in Iran whose development has caused merging of the outskirts with the main city, creating chaotic and informal settlements in recent decades and consequently discontinuous development policy has been taken into account for the city master plan. The article is organized as follows: reviewing the existing literature on urban growth, explaining selected variables associated with urban growth pattern, listing out the data used for modeling and explaining the applied methodology and the framework of Logistic Regression model. The goal of this study is to define and recognize the urban growth system, affecting factors on urban growth, quantize the relation between the urban growth and the driving factors and analyze the spatial growth patterns according to historical land use changes for the city of Urmia, assuming that some special driving factors and local patterns which are consistent with geographic, economic, physical and social structure of the city, have influenced its growth. Reviewing different studies shows several approaches of urban growth pattern analysis, selection of different variables and different results. So, by taking into consideration local characteristics and data availability, 14 indicators depicting urban growth were selected for the purposes of this study. The data used in this study included land use, terrain, demographic and transportation network. Historical land use/cover data of Urmia (1999-2006) were acquired through classification of Landsat ETM images and data derived from master plan of city of Urmia. In addition, a conceptual model is presented to analyze the urban growth of Urmia which includes the relevant urban growth variables. Then the modelling approach (Logistic Regression) is chosen through studying different methods of modelling and thereafter the urban growth analysis of Urmia is achieved by Logistic Regression modelling to identify the driving factors and quantize the relation between the urban growth and the driving factors. This paper introduced two series of influencing factors on Urmia urban growth: factors with favorable effects including: slope (%), bare lands, farm lands and populated areas and factors with unfavorable effects including: distance from main roads, residential areas, industrial centers and commercial sites. Finally, it was found that the specifications of physical growth pattern of Urmia did not only depend on the existing situation of the pattern, but also on the factors influencing it as well. It is concluded that residential areas and roads are the main influencing urban growth factors of Urmia. It shows that the mutual effect pattern of land use_ transportation will be of high importance for future planning of the city. The results of this research could be suitable means to analyze and compare pattern and factors influencing on urban growth of Urmia with other large cities of Iran to be utilized by urban planners and managers.}, keywords = {Urban Growth,Urmia,modelling,Logistic Regression (LR)}, title_fa = {بررسی متغیرهای مؤثر در رشد شهری ارومیه با استفاده از مدل لاجیستیک رگرسیون}, abstract_fa = {اگرچه رشد شهری پدیده ای مرسوم است، اما الگوها و عوامل محرک آن نسبتاً نامعلوم است و مجموعه عوامل جامعی که بتوانند فرآیند رشد شهری را شرح دهند، ب هدلیل منحصر به فرد بودن خصوصیات شهرها وجود ندارد. برای ارزیابی نتایج برنامه ریزی های انجام شده در رشد شهری و پیش بینی وضعیت محدوده شهرها و دیگر تغییرات کاربری اراضی، برنامه ریزان شهری احتیاج به تحلیل رشد شهری به صورت عملی دارند. این مقاله بر درک فضایی زمانی رشد شهری در ارومیه به عنوان نمونه ای از شهرهای بزرگ ایران تمرکز می کند که رشد کالبدی آن سبب الحاق اراضی پیرامونی به شهر، ایجاد و توسعه سکونت گاه های نابه سامان، حاشیه نشینی و گسترش بی رویه و بی برنامه طی دهه های اخیر شده و درنتیجه به در نظر گرفتن سیاست توسعه ناپیوسته شهر در طرح جامع شهر ارومیه منجر شده است. در این راستا پس از بیان مفاهیم پایه و پیشینه تحقیق درباره رشد شهری، مدلی مفهومی برای تحلیل رشد شهر ارومیه ارائه می کند که در برگیرنده متغیرهای تحلیل رشد شهر ارومیه می باشد. سپس با بررسی انواع روش های مدلسازی رشد شهری، به انتخاب رویکرد مدلسازی (لاجیستیک رگرسیون) برای تحلیل رشد شهری می پردازد. در مرحله بعد با بررسی روند توسعه تاریخی شهر ارومیه، تحلیل رشد شهر ارومیه را با استفاده از مدلسازی لاجیستیک رگرسیون جهت شناخت عوامل محرک رشد شهری و تأثیر این عوامل در رشد شهر ارومیه انجام می دهد و مناطق مسکونی و راه ها را به عنوان مهم ترین عوامل مؤثر در الگوی رشد شهر ارومیه شناسایی می کند و نهایتاً بیان می کند که در برنامه ریزی آینده شهر ارومیه، الگوی قرارگیری مناطق مسکونی و اثر متقابل کاربری زمین/ حمل و نقل، اهمیت خاصی خواهد داشت.}, keywords_fa = {رشد شهری,ارومیه,مدل سازی,لاجیستیک رگرسیون}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59803.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59803_f33faefda513d494958293fa4f502014.pdf} } @article { author = {Moradi, Amir and Taghavee, Aliakbar and Kamyar, Maryam}, title = {Influence of Regional Sphere and Physical-functional Structure of Siraf Port in the Fourth Hegira Century}, journal = {Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development}, volume = {10}, number = {21}, pages = {393-404}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Dr. Mostafa Behzadfar}, issn = {2008-5079}, eissn = {2538-2365}, doi = {}, abstract = { Siraf historical port was Iran’s the most important trading port in the late Sassanid era to the late fourth hegira century. This port founded in Sassanid era in order to develop the trade and security in Persian Gulf. It is located on the north coast of the Persian Gulf in province of Bushehr. Its ruins are approximately 220km east of Bushehr, 30km east from Kangan city, and 380km west of Bandar Abbas. It proves the Iranians’ mastership and genius in seafaring, international relations and interaction with other near and far cultures and civilizations. The special geographical location in the Persian Gulf and close access to the most prosperous cities in the southern of Iran like Shiraz and Firoozabad provided the possibility to a commodity exchange for merchants and seafarers. We can definitely say that Siraf in the early centuries of Islam was certificate sailing on Iran and arts and culture of Iran were exported to other parts of the world. Accordingly, two methods have been applied for this research, Descriptive – analytical method based on data library and the other one is content analysis, based on archaeological documents and reports. In this regard by presentation maps of the physical-functional structure of Siraf in the fourth century based on analysis of historical books, related travelogues, archaeological documents and presentation the position of regional sphere of Siraf on that period it is concluded that Siraf had an introverted architecture. It seems that, in addition of similar feathers of the structural concepts of Siraf port with the Iranian traditional city on market orientation and its elements and functions, physical-functional structure of Siraf could be summarized to a twin axis of contrasts. Based on historical texts, the physical-functional structure of the city of Siraf makes it clear that the city is alive and the social interactions happening in the markets and ports. There are numerous mosques with the semi-private function in the city. But, on the basis of the analysis of the studies of archeology, we see the introverted architecture and introverted urban planning and design in this city. The public spaces of the city have lack open views; there is no urban squares area.  Public spaces are without any signs of rich architecture, and the system of alleys seems to have grown organically, while inner spaces, such as central courtyards, houses and mosque courtyards, are versatile and arranged. In fact, the urban elements are in a certain system in city but their meaning is more inward and it means an introverted urban planning. Also, the development of Siraf on the coastline, it is based on the shape and topography of the coast and in the city’s coastline we have a direct view but without a particular look at the sea except the area of the grand mosque which is due to the direction of Qiblah, the formation of the building is skewed to the coastline. Considering that the structure of coastal cities is different from the other cities, the result of this study on physical-functional structure of siraf gives us a new point of view about the spatial structure of the Iranian historical cities. Also this result is important for imagine the shape and the form of an Iranian coastal city in the fourth Hegira century. From the regional point of view, Siraf was unquestionably the most important Persian ports of trade. With deep water access, a good anchorage and protected from the prevailing storms of the Persian Gulf. Also because of Siraf location along Silk waterway, and to be destination of commercial terrestrial channels and the existence of ground and paving roads to Shiraz and other regions of Iran, the importance of regional sphere of Siraf was increased. In addition in the fourth century Siraf had a lucky business with East Africa, India and China and the accumulation of huge funds in Siraf contributing to the growth of urbanization and the construction of private high rise buildings, schools, mosques. Also, in this period the migration of scholars from other parts of the world to this port happened. According to the archeological studies, marine trade between the Persian Gulf and Far East lands began to flourish at this port because of the vast expansion of trade in consumer goods and luxury items at the time. It proves the Iranians’ mastership and genius in seafaring, international relations and interaction with other near and far cultures and civilizations. We can definitely say that the Siraf as a commercial port had the role of exporting Iranian-Islamic arts and culture to Southeast Asia, East Africa and the Far East. }, keywords = {Siraf,Physical-functional Structure,Regional Sphere of Influence,Archeological Studies,Persian Gulf}, title_fa = {بررسی حوزه نفوذ منطقه ای و ساختار کالبدی- عملکردی بندر سیراف در قرن چهارم هجری}, abstract_fa = {بندر تاریخی سیراف، مهم ترین بندرگاه بازرگانی ایران از اواخر عصر ساسانی تا اواخر قرن چهارم هجری بود که موقعیت جغرافیایی ویژه آن و دسترسی نزدیک به آبادترین شهرهای جنوب ایران یعنی شیراز و فیروزآباد، امکان تبادل کالا را برای بازرگانان و دریانوردان آن دوران فراهم م ینمود. به جرأت می توان گفت، سیراف شناسنامه تاریخ دریانوردی ایران و صادرکننده هنر و فرهنگ اسلامی به دیگر نواحی دنیا در اوایل قرون اسلامی می باشد. بر این اساس و با توجه به اهمیت جایگاه سیراف، مقاله حاضر از دو روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی بر مبنای داده های کتابخانه ای و تحلیل محتوا بر مبنای گزارش ها و اسناد باستان شناسی بهره برده است و در این راستا با ارائه نقشه های ساختار کالبدی- عملکردی شهر سیراف در قرن چهارم هجری بر مبنای تحلیل کتب تاریخی، سفرنامه های مرتبط و اسناد باستان شناسی و ارائه جایگاه و حوزه نفوذ منطقه ای سیراف در آن دوره به این نتیجه رسید که، اولاً سیراف دارای معماری و شهرسازی درونگرا بوده و این نتیجه با بررسی شکلی و فرمی و با ارائه عناصر کالبدی منظر شهری سیراف شامل دیوار شهر، ورودی و در، حیاط مرکزی و کوچه و عناصر عملکردی شهر سیراف شامل مسجد، خانه، بازار و مرکز حکومتی حاصل شده است. ثانیاً از نقطه نظر منطقه ای به دلیل قرار گرفتن در راه آبی ابریشم و مقصد راه های زمینی تجاری بودن دارای سطح نفوذ پراهمیت و بالایی بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {سیراف,ساختار کالبدی- عملکردی,حوزه نفوذ منطقه ای,مطالعات باستان شناسی}, url = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59806.html}, eprint = {https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_59806_cccc5720f8b7fde0a031f049f1f7d8fc.pdf} }