واکاوی منظر شهری تاریخی اصفهان مبتنی بر بنیان‌های فرهنگی و طبیعی از آغاز تا پایان دوران صفوی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه مهندسی معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران

چکیده

این مقاله در پی آن است که شهر تاریخی اصفهان را مبتنی بر رویکرد منظر شهری تاریخی مورد بازشناخت قرار دهد تا از خلال آن بنیان‌های اصلی شکل‌گیری و ادامه حیات این شهر را در گذر زمان مورد بررسی قرار دهد. برای دستیابی به این هدف رویکرد کیفی برگزیده شده است و با بهره‌گیری از روش تفسیری- تاریخی سیر تحول شهر اصفهان در گذر زمان از خلال منابع مکتوب مبتنی بر بنیان‌های فرهنگی و طبیعی آن مورد بازخوانی قرار می‌گیرد. جهت واکاوی بنیان فرهنگ، چهار مؤلفه دانش بومی، دین و مذهب، عرفان، و فلسفه به‌عنوان مؤلفه‌های شکل‌دهنده به فرهنگ مورد واکاوی قرار می‌گیرد. دستاورهای این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که طبیعت و مذهب دو بنیان اصلی در منظر شهری تاریخی اصفهان هستند که برای دستیابی به حفاظتی کل‌نگر باید محور اصلی هر برنامه و اقدام حفاظتی قرار گیرند. علاوه بر آن جاذبه خارجی فرهنگی و نیز دافعه داخلی فرهنگی به‌عنوان دو عامل اثرگذار در منظر شهری تاریخی این شهر آشکار شد. بر این اساس، تبیین شد که هر برنامه حفاظتی و توسعه‌ای در شهر باید با هماهنگی با بنیان‌های طبیعی و فرهنگی اصلی شکل‌دهنده به آن صورت پذیرد تا بتواند در فائق آمدن بر چالش‌های احتمالی حفاظت و توسعه مؤثر واقع شد. مبتنی بر دستاوردهای این مقاله، مشخص شد که برنامه‌ریزی در راستای حفاظت از شهر تاریخی اصفهان باید بیش از هر چیز بر حفاظت از دو بنیان طبیعت و مذهب متمرکز شود. این امر مستلزم آن است که نگاه جزء‌نگر به عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده شهر مانند بناهای تاریخی و فضاهای شهری که در حال حاضر پارادایم اصلی در استراتژی‌های حفاظتی و توسعه‌ای هست، باید به سمت حفاظت از بنیان‌های اصلی شکل‌دهنده به آن سوق یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of the Historic Urban Landscape of Isfahan Based on the Cultural and Natural Foundations from the Beginning to the End of the Safavid Era

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parastoo Eshrati 1
  • Pouya Doulabi 2
1 Assistant Professor of Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The current paper attempted to recognize the historical city of Isfahan based on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach to investigate the key foundations of the formation and continuity of this city over time. The qualitative approach was used to achieve this purpose. Also, the historical-interpretive method was utilized to reread the evolution of Isfahan overtime by written resources based on its natural and cultural foundations. Indigenous knowledge, religion and faith, mysticism, and philosophy were investigated as the constituent components of the culture to analyze the foundation of culture. The research results indicated that nature and religion were two main foundations in the HUL of Isfahan that must be the center of each conservation measure or plan to achieve holistic conservation. Also, external cultural attraction and internal cultural repulsion were revealed as two influential factors in a HUL. Accordingly, it was explained that each conservation and development plan in the city must be implemented in accordance with its main constituent cultural and natural foundations to overcome the possible conservation and development challenges effectively. Based on the results of this paper, it was revealed that the planning in the conservation of the historical city of Isfahan must be based on the conservation of religion and nature. It requires that the atomistic approach to the constituent elements of the city, such as historical monuments and urban spaces, which is currently the main paradigm in the conservation and development strategies, must be directed to the conservation of its main constituent foundations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Historic Urban Landscape (HUL)
  • Isfahan
  • Cultural and Natural Foundation
  • Historical city
  • Cultural Landscape
Ardalan, N. (2007). Color in Safavid Architecture: The Poetic Diffusion of Light. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part1 (167-180). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Bakhtiar, A. (2007). The Royal Bazaar of Isfahan. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 2 (71-96). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Bandarin, F., & van Oers, R. (2016). The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban Century. (P. Doulabi., P. Eshrati., & S. Fadaei Nezhad, Trans.). University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran.
Bani Ardalan, I. (2011). Companionship of Light with Light. In Collection Articles First International Urban Lighting Convention, Tehran Beautification Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Bavand Consultants. (2012). Conservation and Regeneration Project of Historical-Cultural and Natural Axes of Isfahan, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Isfahan Province.
Der Hovhanian, H. (2000). History of New Julfa. (L. Minasian., & M.A. Mousavi Faridani, Trans.). Zenderood, & Naghshe Khorshid, Isfahan, Iran.
Ebn Hoqal, M.A. (1966). Sura al-Ardh (The Shape of the Earth). (J. shoar, Trans.). Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Einifar, A., & Eshrati, P. (2018). A Holistic Approach to the Relationship between Culture and Nature in Cultural Landscape, Case Study of Bam. Journal of Fine Arts, Architecture and Urbanism, 22(4), 81-92. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_65699.html
Eshrati, P. (2013). Developing a Theatrical Framework for the Concept of Cultural Landscape with an Emphasis on Conservation of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) of Isfahan City, PhD in Architecture, School of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. (Supervisor Committee: Dr. Pirooz Hanachi, Dr. Alireza Einifar, and Prof, Dr. Jukka Jokilehto).
Eshrati, P., & Fadaei Nezhad, S. (2018). Toward Ideal Approach for Conservation and Development of Historic Urban Landscape. Journal of Maremat & Memari-e Iran, 8(15), 75-87. http://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-437-en.html
Eshrati, P., & Hanachi, P. (2016). A New Definition of the Concept of Cultural Landscape based on its Formation Process. Journal of Naghshejahan, Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 5(3), 42-51. https://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-10142-en.html
Eshrati, P., Eshrati, D., & Fadaei Nezhad, S. (2018). The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Standpoint of Integrated Conservation and Development Based on Historical Urban Landscape Approach. Aramanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Journal of Architecture, Urban Design & Urban Planning, 11(22), 9-23. http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_64731.html
Eshrati, P., Fadaei Nezhad, S., Eftekhari Mahabadi, S., & Azad, M. (2017). Evaluation of Authenticity on the Basis of the Nara Grid in Adaptive Reuse of Manochehri Historical House Kashan, Iran. In Archnet-IJAR, 11(3), November 2017, United States: MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 214-230. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i3.1276
Fadaee Nezhad, S., & Eshrati, P. (2015). Analyzing the Components for Recognition the Concept of Authenticity in Cultural Heritage Conservation. Journal of Fine Arts, Architecture and Urbanism, 19(4), 77-86. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55697.html
Fadaei Nezhad, S., Eshrati, P., & Eshrati, D. (2015a). Authenticity Evaluation in Revitalization of the Atique Square of Isfahan. International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning (IJAUP), 25(2), 112-119. http://ijaup.iust.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.html
Fadaei Nezhad, S., Eshrati, P., & Eshrati, D. (2015b). A Definition of Authenticity Concept in Conservation of Cultural Landscapes. In Archnet-IJAR, 9(1), 93-107. https://archnet.org/publications/10070
Fadaei Nezhad, S., Eshrati, P., & Eshrati, D. (2016). Developing a Conceptual Framework for Integrity in Urban Heritage Conservation. Aramanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Journal of Architecture, Urban Design & Urban Planning, 9(16), 95-104. http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33272.html
Fadaei Nezhad, S., Eshrati, P., & Hanachi, P. (2019). Authenticity and Integrity in Conservation of Cultural Landscape. The Organization for Research and Composing University Textbooks in the Humanities (SAMT), Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities, Tehran, Iran.
Falamaki, M.M. (1996). Safavid Architectural Innovations, A Transformation for the Perpetuation of Values and Concepts in Iranian Architecture. In Proceedings of the Congress of Architecture and Urbanism of Iran, Arg-e, Kerman. Cultural Heritage Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Farshidnik, F., Afhami, R., & Tavousi, M. (2012). Expression of Sadra Wisdom in The Safavid Architecture (Khaju Bridge: A Translation of Sadra’s Asfar Al-Arba‘Ah). Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 4(7), 49-66. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=500029
Golombek, L. (2007). Urban Patterns in Pre-Safavid Isfahan. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 2 (373- 402). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Gregorian, V. (2007). Minorities of Isfahan: The Armenian Community of Isfahan. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 1 (373-402). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Hanachi, P., & Eshrati, P. (2011). Investigating the Main Challenges of Cultural Landscape Concept by Focusing on Analysis of Eighteen-Year Experience of this Concept in UNESCO World Heritage Center. Journal of University of Arts, 7(4), 147-163. http://aup.journal.art.ac.ir/article_168.html
Holod, R. (2007). Comments on Urban Patterns. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 1 (48-51). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Hoseini Abri, H. (2000). Zayandehrood from the headspring to the swamp. Golha publication, Isfahan, Iran.
Ibn Battuta, M. (1980). Ibn Battuta travels in Asia and Africa. (M.A. Movahed, Trans.). Institute of Translation and Publication of Book, Tehran, Iran.
Lockhart, L. (1967). ‭The Fall of the Safavi Dynastyand the Afghan Occupation of Persian. (M. Emad, Trans.). Morvarid, Tehran, Iran. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
Masoud, S.E., Eshrati, P., Faizi, M., & Einifar, A. (2020). Developing Theoretical Framework of Value in Interior Architecture Design of Heritage Buildings Case Study: Garden Museum of the Qasr Prison. Journal of Fine Arts, Architecture and Urbanism, 24(3), 97-110. DOI: 10.22059/JFAUP.2019.272539.672192
Mousavi Faridani, M.A. (1999). Isfahan from another Perspective. Naghshe Khorshid, Isfahan, Iran.
Nasr. H. (2007). Religion in Safavid Persia. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: Proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 1 (267-283). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran, 267-283.
Olearius, A. (1984). Moskowitische und persische Reise‬. (A. Behpour,Trans.). Ebtekar, Qom, Iran.
Omrani Pour, A., & Mohammad Moradi, A. (2012). The Evolution of the Zayandeh River Environment and its Interaction with the Historical City of Isfahan (until the end of the Safavid Era). Soffeh, 21(4), 171-184.
Omrani, M. (2005). In Search of Urban Identity Isfahan. Ministry Housing and Urban Development, Tehran, Iran.
Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. (2011). Adopted by the General Conference at its 36th Session, Paris, 10 November 2011, Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Richards, F.C. (1964). A Persian Journey. (S. Bozorgmehr, Trans.). Institute of Translation and Publication of Book, Tehran. Iran.
Schimmel, A. (2007). The Ornament of the Saints: The Religious Situation in Iran in Pre-Safavid Times. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part1 (95-119). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Shafaghi, S. (2002). Isfahan Geography. (2nd ed.). University of Isfahan Publisher, Isfahan, Iran.
Shirazi, B. (2007). Isfahan, the Old; Isfahan, the New. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: Proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 2 (307-312). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Spooner, B. (2007). City and River in Iran: Urbanization and Irrigation of the Iranian Plateau. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 2 (402-435). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Stevens, R. (2007). European Visitors to the Safavid Court. In R. Holod, (ed.), Studies on Isfahan: proceedings of the Isfahan Colloquium- Part 2 (138-176). (M.T. Faramarzi., & S.D. Tabatabai, Trans.). Iranian Academy of the Arts, Tehran, Iran.
Stierlin, H. (1998). Ispahan - Image du Paradis. (J. Arjmand, Trans.). Farzan Publishing and Research, Tehran, Iran.
Vienna Memorandum. (2005). Vienna Memorandum World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture: Managing the Historic Urban Landscape, Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Center.