تحلیل سیر تحول ریخت‌شناسی- عملکردی فضاهای خرید در شهر تبریز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری طراحی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و هنر، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و هنر، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

3 استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و هنر، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2023.299785.2532

چکیده

تغییر شکل فضاهای سنتی خرید از بازار و خیابان به ساخت‌و‌ساز بی‌رویه مراکز خرید، باعث‌ شده تا «مال‌سازی» تبدیل به رویکرد غالب مدیریت شهری شود. انواع فضاهای خرید، بی‌آن‌ که شناخت جامعی نسبت به فلسفه شکل‌گیری و گونه‌شناسی آن‌ها وجود داشته باشد در حال تسخیر شهر هستند. بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش، شناسایی الگوهای ساخت و گونه‌های شکل‌‌گرفته‌ فضاهای خرید ‌شهر تبریز، از آغاز تا کنون می‌باشد. راهبرد به‌کار گرفته‌شده در این پژوهش استدلال منطقی، با تدبیر گونه‌شناسی بر مبنای چارچوب نظری معین است. در این راستا ابتدا مطالعات اسنادی به‌منظور تعیین معیارهای گونه‌شناسی انجام گرفت. سپس 40 مرکز خرید منتخب در سطح شهر به‌عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه، در دو مؤلفه ریخت‌شناسی و عملکردی تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل شد. دیاگرام حاصل از ترکیب الگوهای ساخت برای هر یک از گونه‌ها ترسیم شد و در نهایت نمودار گونه‌شناسی فضاهای خرید ارائه گردید. طبق نتایج حاصله، این پژوهش، دو الگوی «پیاده‌راه تجاری» و «خیابان تجاری» را به‌عنوان الگوهای ساخت اصلی شناسایی می‌کند. در فرآیند تحول فضاهای خرید، شش الگوی ساخت دیگر شامل «پاساژ»، «توسعه زیر‌سطحی»، «پل‌بازار»، «مرکز خرید»، «میدان‌بازار» و «مال» در ترکیب با دو الگوی اصلی، نه گونه ترکیبی را پدید می‌آورند. علاوه بر این، گونه مال‌های مستقل که محصول دهه اخیر است در مجموع ده گونه فضای خرید را تشکیل می‌دهند. بیش‌ترین ترکیب گونه‌ها با خیابان تجاری صورت گرفته است. رایج‌ترین هیبریدها شامل «خیابان تجاری- شبکه پاساژ» و «خیابان تجاری- مرکز خرید» است. برتری فنی، مزیت مقیاس، اثرات شبکه‌ای و برندسازی در گونه مال‌ها‌ی مستقل، تولید فضاهای خرید را در انحصار این گونه قرار داده؛ این در حالی است که زندگی شهری در گونه‌های ترکیبی با درجه شدت بیش‌تری در مقایسه با این گونه‌ها جریان دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of the Morphological-Functional Evolution of the Shopping Spaces in Tabriz City

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nazanin Farhoodian 1
  • Akbar Abdollahzadeh Taraf 2
  • Arash Saghafi Asl 3
  • Morteza Mirgholami 4
1 Ph.D. Candidate in Urban Design, Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Urbanism, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Assistant Professor of Urbanism, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
4 Associate Professor of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Islamic Art, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The transformation of traditional shopping spaces from bazaars and streets to the irregular construction of shopping centers has made "Shopping mall construction" the dominant approach to urban management. Types of shopping spaces are taking over the city without a comprehensive understanding of their formation philosophy and typology. Therefore, this study aims to identify the construction patterns and types of shopping spaces in the city of Tabriz from the beginning until now. The strategy used in this research is logical argumentation, with a typological technique based on a certain theoretical framework. In this regard, the first documentary studies were conducted to determine typological criteria. Then, 40 selected shopping centers in the city were analyzed as case studies considering two morphological and functional components. A diagram of the composition of the construction patterns for each type was drawn and finally, a typological diagram of shopping spaces was presented. According to the results, this research identifies two patterns of "Commercial Pedestrian" and "Commercial Street" as the main construction patterns. In the evolutionary process of shopping spaces, six other construction patterns, including "Arcade", "Underground Development", "Market Bridge", "Shopping Center", "Shopping Plaza", and "Mall" combined with the two main patterns, form nine hybrid types. In addition, the type of independent malls that are the product of the last decade makes up a total of ten types of shopping spaces. Most types are combined with commercial streets. The most common hybrids include "Commercial Street-Arcade Network" and "Commercial Street-Shopping Center". Technical superiority, scale advantage, network effects, and branding in the type of independent malls have monopolized the production of shopping spaces, however, urban life is more intense in hybrid types than in these types.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Typology
  • Morphology
  • Functional
  • Shopping Space
  • Tabriz
Abdollahzadeh Taraf, Akbar. 2009. The Processes by which Commercial Spaces take form in the East and the West in terms of Architectural History. Abadi 19(64): 62-69. [in Persian]
Afshar Naderi, Kamran. 2007. Shopping Malls. Architect 44: 12-16. [in Persian]
Berry, Brian Joe Lobley. 1963. Commercial Structure and Commercial Bright: Retail Patterns and Process in the City of Chicago. Chicago: Department of Geography, University of Chicago. https://www.amazon.com/Commercial-structure-commercial-blight-University/dp/B0007DDYJ4 
Cachinho, Herculano. 2014. Consumerscapes and the Resilience Assessment of Urban Retail Systems. Cities 36: 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.10.005 
Carmona, Matthew. 2021. Public Places Urban Spaces the Dimensions of Urban Design. New York: Routledge. Also available online https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315158457
Coleman, Peter. 2006. Shopping Environments: Evolution, Planning and Design. Architectural Press. Also available online https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780080480909/shopping-environments-peter-coleman 
Crawford, Margaret. 2002. The World in a Shopping Mall. New York: Hill and Wan. https://www.uc.edu/cdc/urban_database/food_resources/the-world-in-shopping-mall-fix.pdf 
Crossick, Geoffrey, and Serge Jaumain. 2019. Cathedrals of Consumption: The European Department Store, 1850-1939. London: Routledge. Also available online https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429026249 
De Chiara, Joseph. 1990. Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/time-saver-standards-building-types/ 
Esmaili Sangari, Hossein. 2015. The Solutions for Revival of Historical Areas as the Urban Valuable Identity (for Example, the Historical Axis of Tabriz’s Tarbiyat). Urban Management 13(37): 35-56. http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-364-fa.html. [in Persian]
Falamaki, Mohammad Mansour. 2006. The Formation of Architecture in the Experiences of Iran and the West. Tehran: Faza Publishing. https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9649431985. [in Persian]
Fazeltorshizi, Davood, Syed Morteza Hozhabro Sadati, and Zahra Naji Azimi. 2016. Segmenting the Tourist Shopping Centers of Mashhad through Using a Hybrid Algorithm of Genetic and Fuzzy C-Mean. Tourism Planning and Development 5 (17): 146-168. https://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_1282.html. [in Persian] 
Golkar, Koroush. 2018. Creating a Sustainable Place: Reflections on Urban Design Theory. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti. https://press.sbu.ac.ir/book_112.html. [in Persian]
Goss, Jon. 1993. The“Magic of the Mall”: An Analysis of Form, Function, and Meaning in the Contemporary Retail Built Environment. Association of Ameriran Geographers 83(1): 18-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2569414 
Groat, Linda, and David Wang. 2021. Architectural Research Methods. Translated by Alireza Einifar. Tehran: Tehran University Press. https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9640352128. [in Persian]
Guedes, Pedro. 1979. Encyclopedia of Architectural Technology. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-architectural-technology-editor-Guedes/dp/0070517401 
Guy, Clifford M . 1998. Controlling New Retail Spaces –The Impress of Planning Policies in Western Europe. Urban Studies 35(5-6): 953-979. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098984637 
Gwyen, David. 2016. The History of the American Shopping Centers. Translated by Reza Basiri Mozhdehi and Hamideh Farahmandian. Revayat 7: 36-45. [in Persian]
Habibi, Leila, and Farzin Mahmoudi Paty. 2017. From Bazaar to Shopping Centers: Analysis of the Evolution of Modern Commercial Spaces in Tehran. Bagh- e Nazar 14(49): 45-56. http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47439_en.html?lang=fa. [in Persian] 
ICSC Research. 2005. Towards a Pan-European Shopping Centre Standard—A Framework for International Comparison. New York: International Council of Shopping Centers. https://www.icsc.com/uploads/research/general/euro_standard_only.pdf 
Izadpanah, Mahboubeh, and Mitra Habibi. 2019. Analysis and Evaluation of the Status of the Malls as a Public Space (Case Study: Tehran Palladium Shopping Center). Sustainable City 4: 37-56. http://www.jscity.ir/article_90905.html?lang=en. [in Persian] 
Jahawi, Sana. 2015. A Study of Socio-Spatial Behaviour in Traditional and Contemporary Shopping Environments in Dubai, UAE. Heriot Watt University School of the Built Environment. Edinburgh, United Kingdom. PhD Thesis. https://www.ros.hw.ac.uk/handle/10399/2994 
Karrholm, Mattias, and Katarina Nylund. 2011. Escalating Consumption and Spatial Planning: Notes on the Evolution of Swedish Retail Spaces. European Planning Studies 19(6): 1043-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2011.568819 
Kazemi, Abbas, and Masarrat Amir-Ebrahim. 2019. Typology of Shopping Complex in Tehran. Cultural Studies and Communication 15(56): 11-43. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcsc.2019.37352. [in Persian] 
Kocaili, Buket Ergun. 2010. Evolution of shopping malls recent trends and the question of regeneration. Department of Interior Architecture. Cankaya University. PhD Thesis. https://www.coursehero.com/file/95124448/EVOLUTION-OF-SHOPPING-MALLS-RECENT-TRENDpdf/ 
Kunzmann, Klaus R. 2019. Spaces of Consumption in Companion to Urban Design. London: Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203844434-37/spaces-consumption-klaus-kunzmann 
Memarian, Gholam Hossein, and Mohammad Ali Tabarsa. 2013. Type and Typology of Architecture. Journal of Iranian Architecture and Urbanism 6: 103-144. https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2014.61978. [in Persian] 
Micu, Cosmin Bogdan. 2018. Introduction in the Shopping Centre Sector from Romania—a Brief Inventory of the 24 Biggest Cities—as of July 2017. MID Journal 1(1): 53–62. https://econ.ubbcluj.ro/mid/journal/papers/1-1/Micu%20-%20MID%202018%201(1).pdf 
Micu, Cosmin Bogdan. 2020. Types of Shopping Centers—Literature Review. In Challenges and Opportunities to Develop Organizations Through Creativity, Technology and Ethics, edited by Fotea, S., Fotea, I., Văduva, S. GSMAC 2019. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43449-6_10 
Moazemi, Soufi. 2018. The Revitalization of Urban Fabric in Contemporary Public Spaces; A Case of Shopping Spaces. A+ArchDesign 4(2): 1-10. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/674883 
Moazemi, Manouchehr, Mansour Najafi Motiei, and Rezvan Mohammadian. 2009. Research Project of Documenting the Historical Buildings of Iran – Bazaars. Abadi 19(64): 112-116. [in Persian]
Morris, Anthony Edwin James. 2021. History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolution. Translated by Razieh Rezazadeh. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology. https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9644544767. [in Persian]
Neo, Lynda Wee Keng, and Tong Kok Wing. 2005. The 4 Rs of Asian Shopping Centre Management (Business Studies). Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Intl. https://www.amazon.com/Shopping-Centre-Management-Business-Studies/dp/9812103910 
Ng, Cheuk Fan. 2003. Satisfying Shoppers’Psychological Needs: From Public Market to Cyber-Mall. Environmental Psychology 23: 439-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00102-0 
Proudfoot, Malcolm J. 1937. City Retail Structure. Economic Geography 13(4): 425–428. https://www.jstor.org/stable/141589?origin=crossref 
Rahimi, Elnaz. 2012. Design of Commercial Spaces, Principles and Foundations of Architecture. Tehran: Art and Architecture of the Century. https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/6005172300. [in Persian]
Rahnamaei, Mohammad Taghi, and Parvane Shah Hosseini. 2004. Urban Planning Process in Iran. Tehran: Samat. [in Persian]
Rao, Fujie. 2020. Resilient Forms of Shopping Centers Amid the Rise of Online Retailing: Towards the Urban Experience. Sustainability 11: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11153999 
Safamanesh, Kamran, Yagoob Rashtchian, and Behrooz Monadizadeh. 1997. The Historical Evolution of the Urban Block of “Passage” in the City of Tabriz. Goftogoo 18: 73-86. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/320521/ [in Persian]
Soltanzadeh, Hossein. 2007. From Saras to Passages and Shopping Centers. Architecture and Culture 9(30): 1-18. [in Persian]
Southworth, Michael. 2006. Reinventing Main Street: From Mall to Townscape Mall. Journal of Urban Design 10(2): 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800500087319      
Tahseen, Fariha, and Noman Ahmed. 2020. Investigating the Emergence and Performance of Shopping Malls from Design Review and Users’ Perspectives in Karachi, Pakistan. International Research Journal of Architecture and Planning 5(1): 111-122. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354462022_Investigating_the_Emergence_and_Performance_of_Shopping_Malls_from_Design_Review_and_Users’_Perspectives_in_Investigating_the_Emergence_and_Performance_of_Shopping_Malls_from_Design_Review_and_Users’_
Wall, Alex. 2005. Victor Gruen: from Urban Shop to New City. Barcelona: Actar. https://www.amazon.com/VICTOR-GRUEN-URBAN-SHOP-CITY/dp/8495951878 
Warnaby, Gary, and Dominic Medway. 2016. Marketplace Icons: Shopping Malls. Consumption Markets & Culture 1-8. Available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gcmc20