فرآیند ادراک محیط کالبدی توسط افراد نابینای مطلق بر مبنای ادراک حسی و ذهنی

رفیع‌زاده, ندا; عینی‌فر, علیرضا

doi:10.22034/aaud.2021.269683.2408

فرآیند ادراک محیط کالبدی توسط افراد نابینای مطلق بر مبنای ادراک حسی و ذهنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ مربی گروه معماری و طراحی محیط، مرکز تحقیقات راه مسکن و شهرسازی، تهران، ایران.

² استاد دانشکده معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

10.22034/aaud.2021.269683.2408

چکیده

افراد نابینای مادرزاد، برای درک محیط پیرامون خود و کسب استقلال جسمی و اجتماعی، نیازمند یافتن راه‌حل و توسل به عوامل سازگار در محیط هستند. آنان علاوه بر حواس ظاهری به حواس باطنی، حافظه، خیال و تصورات ذهنی متوسل می‌شوند. بنابراین ادراک برای این افراد، نوعی شناخت جهان خارج است که از ترکیب اطلاعات حسی و مکانیزم تفکر به وجود آمده و می‎تواند با واقعیت عینی متفاوت باشد. این پژوهش، به دنبال پاسخگویی به این پرسش که ادراک محیط توسط افراد نابینای مطلق مادرزاد بر اساس چه فرآیندی انجام می‎شود؟ سعی در شناخت فرایند ادراک محیط توسط آنان دارد تا از این طریق، مبنای طراحی بهتر محیط به جهت امکان‌پذیری حضور فعال افراد نابینا در فضاهای عمومی و ایجاد فرصت‎ها‎ی برابر فارغ از میزان توانایی جسمی و حسی آنان و دسترسی بدون مانع، مستقل و ایمن به محیط شود. پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ ماهیت، کیفی با هدف کاربردی بوده و روش انجام آن تحلیل توصیفی و تحلیل محتوای کیفی با رویکرد استدلال قیاسی است. گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق بررسی اسناد و مدارک علمی و تحلیل محتوای کیفی آن‌ها انجام شده است که به روش استنباطی به بررسی فرآیند ادراک محیط کالبدی توسط افراد نابینا از طریق دو مقوله ادراک حسی و ادراک ذهنی می‎پردازد و در نهایت راهکارهای پیشنهادی به منظور تسهیل ادراک افراد نابینا در محیط شهری ارائه می‌گردد. نتایج پژوهش گویای این مطلب است که افراد نابینای مطلق، علاوه بر ادراک حسی غیربصری از ادراک ذهنی مبتنی بر تصویرسازی (شنیداری، لمسی و حرکت) که وابسته به عوامل گوناگونی مانند ویژگی‎ها‎ی فردی، شرایط فرهنگی، اجتماعی و غیره است، در درک محیط پیرامون خود استفاده می‎کنند که لازم است در طراحی محیط کالبدی، به این مهم توجه شود تا همه افراد جامعه به ویژه‎ نابینایان قادر به درک محیط و بهره‌مندی از امکانات و تسهیلات موجود در آن باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Process of Perceiving the Physical Environment by Total Blind People Using Sensory and Subjective Perception

نویسندگان [English]

Neda Rafizadeh ¹
Alireza Einifar ²

¹ Lecturer of Architecture and Environmental Design, Research Center for Housing and Urban Development, Tehran, Iran.

² Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).

چکیده [English]

Congenitally blind people require finding solutions and relying on environmentally-compatible behaviors to understand and perceive their surrounding environment and acquire physical and social independence. In addition to their external senses, they need to use their internal senses of memory, imagination and subjective perception. Therefore, perception for these people is a kind of understanding the external world that comes from combing sensory data and thinking mechanisms and may differ from objective reality. This study aimed to respond to the question: “How is the perception of the environment made by congenitally total blind people?” For this, the study aimed to understand their process of environmental perception, which can be used as a better design foundation for the feasibility of greater presence in public spaces and the creation of equal chances for blind peoples, and also for providing them with unconstrained, safe and independent accessibility to the environment, disregard of their physical and sensory abilities. The present study fell under qualitative research in terms of nature and was an applied study in terms of goal. It also used a descriptive analytical procedure and qualitative content analysis, together with a deductive reasoning approach. Data were collected by investigating scientific documents and their qualitative content analysis. This study used the inferential method to investigate blind people’s process of the physical environmental perception through two sensory and subjective perception categories, and finally provided recommended solutions to facilitate the blind peoples’ perception within the urban environment. Findings revealed that total blind people use non-visual sensory perception as well as auditory, tactile, and kinetic visualization-based subjective perception, which is dependent on various individual, social and cultural factors, to perceive their surrounding environment. For this, it is critical to focus on these factors in designing the physical environment to help all people of the community, especially the blind, to perceive the environment and utilize the facilities contained in there.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Physical Environment
Total Blind People
Perception Process
Sensory Perception
Subjective Visualization

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