مبادی تحولات در الگوی خانه‌های تهران؛ دوره‌های پهلوی اول، دوم و پس از انقلاب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تفرش، تفرش، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساوه، ساوه، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).

3 استادیار، گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال، تهران، ایران.

10.22034/aaud.2023.361773.2715

چکیده

توسعه مدرنیته معماری و شهرسازی، در دوره پهلوی بیش از عوامل معنایی و محتوایی، درجنبه‌های کالبدی خانه تجلی یافته که در دوره معاصر دچار دگرگونی و بحران شدید شده ‌است. می‌توان ادعا کرد کیفیت سکونت خانه و ارتباط افراد با فضا از دوره پهلوی عمدتاً تغییر کرده ‌است. در ایران نیز همانند سایر کشورهای در حال توسعه، فرآیند نوسازی با بحران مواجه شد و علی‌رغم برخی تجربیات محدود، به بعد فرهنگی در برنامه‌ریزی اقتصادی و اجتماعی توجه زیادی نشد و کالبد معماری که همواره با مفاهیم فرهنگی آمیخته ‌بود از آن جدا شد. در این پژوهش به بررسی عوامل فرهنگی، معماری و قوانین شهری موثر بر تغییرات کالبدی خانه‌های دوره پهلوی اول، دوم و پس از انقلاب پرداخته شده ‌است. سوال کلیدی تحقیق این است که تاثیر تغییرات در قوانین ساخت و نوگرایی در الگوی خانه‌های دوره پهلوی و هم‌چنین الگوی کالبدی خانه‌ها چگونه بوده؟ هدف پژوهش تاثیر دگرگونی‌ الگوی فضاهای خانه‌‌ ایرانی و قوانین طراحی و ساخت خانه به عنوان متغیرهای مستقل بر ویژگی‌های فضایی خانه‌های امروزی به عنوان متغیر وابسته در دو دوره پهلوی (اول و دوم) و پس از انقلاب در تهران است. جهت گردآوری اطلاعات از نمونه‌های موردی و اسنادی بهره‌گرفته شده و روش تحقیق کیفی و به شیوه تاریخی- توصیفی انجام شده است. جمع‌بندی اطلاعات، جهت سنجش داده‌ها و مولفه‌های موثر، بر مبنای تحلیل محتوا صورت‌گرفته و در خاتمه، بررسی‌ها در الگوهای خانه در هر دوره انجام‌پذیرفته ‌است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد شاخص‌های الگوهای معماری و قوانین ساخت در هر دوره در طبقات اجتماعی متفاوت تاثیر گذاشته ‌است. ظهور معماری مدرن و قوانین شهرداری‌ها (به‌عنوان مجری قوانین) بسترساز این تغییر و تحولات است؛ قوانینی که به جهت اعمال محدودیت‌ها سبب ایجاد تغییرات الگویی و از بین رفتن شاخص‌های معماری ایرانی گردیده و هم‌چنین هم‌گرایی حکومت، مردم و معماران درنوگرایی و تحول شهری و معماری نقش عمده داشته ‌است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Basics of evolutions of typology in Tehran houses (first, second Pahlavi and post-revolution periods)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Marziehsadat Ahmadnejad 1
  • cyrus bavar 2
  • neda ziabakhsh 3
1 PhD student in tafresh university
2 Islamic Azad University, Saveh branch
3 Member of the academic staff of Islamic Azad University, North Tehran branch
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this research is the effect of the transformations of Iranian house spaces and house design and construction rules as independent variables on the spatial characteristics of modern houses as a dependent variable in the two Pahlavi periods (first and second) and after the revolution in Tehran. The current research deals with the external and internal changes of houses and the removal of some spaces. The main question of the research is, what was the role of construction principles and urban laws in the architecture of the Pahlavi period and the evolution of the house model of that period? The research methods in this research are of historical-interpretive type and with the analysis of case examples. Data collection was done in the form of documentary library and direct observation.The results of the research show that the indicators of architectural patterns and construction laws have affected different social classes in each period, and as a result, the external and internal spaces have been eliminated, and introversion has become extroversion, and finally, the flexibility and openness in the spaces has decreased. The yard has also become smaller in today's houses as a light space without any special function. The emergence of modern architecture and the laws of municipalities are the basis for these changes and transformations, and the convergence of government, people and architects has played a major role in modernization and urban and architectural transformation.Also, urban management as a powerful tool in terms of political, cultural, social, etc., has played a prominent role in the changes of the construction pattern.And in general, it can be said that the tradition of Iranian architecture, which is based on the values of Iranian culture and derived from Islamic worldview and standards, has been completely forgotten.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • physical model of housing
  • Pahlavi period
  • After the revolution
  • Construction rules
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